Popes and kings

1. Explain how popes and kings rule Europe. The power of pope. The power of kings. The holy roman empire.

The Pope is head of state of Vatican City, Currently, in addition to the expansion of the Christian faith and doctrine, the popes are dedicated to ecumenism, inter religious dialogue, charitable work, and the defense of human rights. Popes now, only focus on religious matters because theyhave been forced to give up their power.

King
The king is thus not subject to the will of his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm, including the Church. A moderate form of this political theory does hold, however, that the king is subject to the Church and the Pope although completely irreproachable in other ways.

Holy Roman Empire
Empire which existed from 962 to1806 in Central Europe. It was ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favor of the prince. In its last centuries, its character became quite close to a union of territories.

2. Explain how popes fight for power. Explain how kings and popes clash.

Popes fought for power bymany reasons, but the most commonly used was excommunicating or the banning of someone from Christianity. It was used a
lot in the middle ages against them. The Popes and Kings tended to clash about issues, the most common during this time was the authority to name the Bishops in the Kingdom.

3. Explain the crusades. Define crusades and holy land. Explain the causes of the crusades. The call toarms. The first crusade. The second and the third crusade. The fourth crusade. Explain the end of the crusades.

Crusades

The Crusades were a series of religious expeditionary wars blessed by the Pope and the Catholic Church, with the main goal of restoring Christian access to the holy places in and near Jerusalem.



Holy land

Holy land is a term which in Judaism refers to theKingdom of Israel as defined in the Tanakh. For Jews, the Land's identification of being Holy is defined in Judaism by its differentiation from other lands by virtue of the practice of Judaism often possible only in the Land of Israel.



Cause of the crusades

The Crusades were originally launched in response to a call from the leaders of the Byzantine Empire for help to fight the expansion intoAnatolia of Muslim Seljuk Turks who had cut off access to Jerusalem.

First crusade

The First Crusade (1096–1099) was a military expedition by Roman Catholic Europe to regain the Holy Lands taken in the Muslim conquests of the Levant (632–661), ultimately resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem in 1099.

Second crusades

The Second Crusade (1145–1149) was the second major crusade launchedfrom Europe. The Second Crusade was started in response to the fall of the County of Edessa the previous year to the forces of Zengi. The county had been founded during the First Crusade (1096–1099) by Baldwin of Boulogne in 1098. While it was the first Crusader state to be founded, it was also the first to fall.

Third crusades

The Third Crusade (1189–1192), also known as the Kings'Crusade, was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin (Salāh ad-Dīn). It was largely successful, but fell short of its ultimate goal—the reconquest of Jerusalem.


Fourth crusades

The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) was originally intended to conquer Muslim-controlled Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. Instead, in April 1204, the Crusaders of Western Europeinvaded and conquered the Christian (Eastern Orthodox) city of Constantinople, capital of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire). This is seen as one of the final acts in the Great Schism between the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church.


4. Explain how the crusades change europe.

Conquered provinces, known as crusader states, provided a new form of trade income - the East...