Supercondensadores

Carbon­Carbon Ultracapacitor  Equivalent Circuit Model, Parameter  Extraction, and Application
John M. Miller Uday Deshpande Marius Rosu Ansoft Corp. Pittsburg, PA

Maxwell Technologies, Inc San Diego, CA

Ansoft Ansoft First Pass Workshop
Irvine, CA 16 Oct. 2007 Southfield, MI 18 Oct. 2007
Ultracapacitors  l  Microelectronics  l  High­Voltage Capacitors  18 Oct, 2007 Ultracapacitors in the News
• • More “electric everything” is indeed becoming pervasive. Headline: Toyota Supra Hybrid Racing Car Wins at Tokachi 24 Hours Race (616 laps, 24:01.32.7)
• Toyota uses GT racing car chassis with purpose designed electric drives:
• • 10 kW in wheel front 150 kW rear axle

Ultracapacitor pack energy storage system. Rating: (?)

Ultracapacitors  l  Microelectronics  l High­Voltage Capacitors 

Slide  2 

Outline
• Introduction to Maxwell
• Facilities and Business Units

•

Nonlinear Model for Ultracapacitor
• Model Derivation • Parasitic Extraction

•

Model Validation
• Constant Current – Six Step Method • Constant Power

•

Applications
• Recuperator Systems • Micro-hybrid • Transit bus

•

Conclusions
Slide  3 

Ultracapacitors  l Microelectronics  l  High­Voltage Capacitors 

Production Facilities 
§ San Diego, CA

§ Rossens, Switzerland

§ Out source Manufacturing Partner China

Ultracapacitors  l  Microelectronics  l  High­Voltage Capacitors 

Slide  4 

Available Market 
§  Value today is in transportation, industrial and consumer 
Market  Transportation Application  Trains, trams  Buses  Aerospace  Industry Pitch systems  Robotics  Telecom  Fork lift, ship yard cranes  Elevators  UPS/Power quality  AMR  Consumer 
Digital cameras, PDA’s, laptop, mobile phones 

§  Target is the automotive market 
§  Board net stabilization, distributed power, Hybrid drive trains, PHEV 
Ultracapacitors  l  Microelectronics  l  High­Voltage Capacitors  Slide  5 

Ultracapacitor Cells
• Ultracapacitor cell design:Minimize ESR!
• Trends are for ESR*C = t 10 kW/kg

C= 650 ESRac = 0.6 ESRdc = 0.8 t= 0.52 Irms = 105

1200 0.44 0.58 0.696 110

1500 0.35 0.47 0.705 115

2000 0.26 0.35 0.700 125

2600 0.21 0.31 0.806 130

3000 F 0.20 mW 0.30 mW 0.900 s 150+ Arms

Micro-Hybrid

Industrial Applications

Heavy Transportation
Slide  6 

Ultracapacitors  l  Microelectronics  l High­Voltage Capacitors 

Heavy Transportation Products
• Illustrations of heavy transportation modules
• Thermally: 15oC rise at 150A and 600 scfm 

BMOD0165-E048 (165F, 48V, 150A, 8.5mW) Heavy Transportation Module, HTM: BMOD0018-P390 (17.8F, 390V, 150A, 65mW ESR)

Attribute 
Energy, useable  Umx à Umx/2,  Cont. Amps  Peak Amps  Mass, kg  Power, (kW/kg)  Cycles  Cells/module 

BMOD0165­E048 
40 Wh 150  14.2  6.6  1,000,000  18 

BMOD0063­P125 
102 Wh  150  750, 5s  58  4  1,000,000  48 

BMOD0018­P390 
282 Wh  150  950, 5s  165  3.5  1,000,000  146 

BMOD0063-P125 (63F, 125V, 150A, 17mW ESR)
Ultracapacitors  l  Microelectronics  l  High­Voltage Capacitors  Slide  7 

Module Thermal Parameters & Response

• The18 x 3000F cell module BMOD0165-E048 
• Thermal resistance qR=0.436oC/W in still air and  • Thermal capacity, qC=18.7 kJ/oC.  • With thermal time constant, qt=2.26 hours. 

• For160 cfm forced air: qR = 0.14 oC/W and qC=24.5 kJ/oC.  • First order thermal response fits data very well.

T (t ) = T  + P q  1 - e - t / qt )  a  d  R 

(

) 
Temperature, C 

BMOD0165­P048 Meas Temp. Mod1Case vs Modeled 
60  55.727

50 

Te mp  T  (  )  .mod  x  40 

30 24  20  0  0  5  10  ´ 
3

1  10  ´  time  x ,

4

1.5  10  ´  1.44  10  ´ 
4

4

Time, s 

Ultracapacitors  l  Microelectronics  l  High­Voltage Capacitors 

Slide  8 

Energy Storage Technologies
• Side-by-side energy storage technology comparison
• Attributes of components to store 1MJ (278 Wh) • Polymer film type used in pulse magnetizers and inverters •...