Tcpip Tutorial

TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overview
Martin W. Murhammer, Orcun Atakan, Stefan Bretz, Larry R. Pugh, Kazunari Suzuki, David H. Wood

International Technical Support Organization http://www.redbooks.ibm.com

GG24-3376-05

International Technical Support Organization TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overview October 1998

GG24-3376-05

Take Note! Before using this information and theproduct it supports, be sure to read the general information in Appendix A, “Special Notices” on page 673.

Sixth Edition (October 1998)
This edition applies to Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) in general and selected IBM and OEM implementations thereof. Comments may be addressed to: IBM Corporation, International Technical Support Organization Dept. HZ8 Building 678 P.O.Box 12195 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2195 When you send information to IBM, you grant IBM a non-exclusive right to use or distribute the information in any way it believes appropriate without incurring any obligation to you. © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1989, 1998. All rights reserved. Note to U.S. Government Users — Documentation related to restricted rights —Use, duplication or disclosure is subject to restrictions set forth in GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp.

Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Team That Wrote This Redbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comments Welcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii xiii xv

Part1. Architecture and Core Protocols

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1
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Chapter 1. Introduction to TCP/IP - History, Architecture 1.1 Internet History - Where It All Came From . . . . . . . 1.1.1 Internetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2 The Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.3 ARPANET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 1.1.4 NSFNET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.5 Commercial Use of the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.6 Information Superhighway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.7 Internet2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.8 The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) Model . . . . . . 1.2 TCP/IP Architectural Model - What It Is All About 1.2.1 Internetworking . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2 The TCP/IP Protocol Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.3 TCP/IP Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.4 Bridges, Routers and Gateways . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Finding Standards for TCP/IP and the Internet . . . . . 1.3.1 Request For Comments (RFC) . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2 Internet Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.3Major Internet Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Future of the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 IBM and the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.1 The Network Computing Framework . . . . . . . .

and Standards

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3 3 4 4 5 5 7 8 9 9 11 11 12 14 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 22 27 27 27 30 35 39 42 44 45 48 58 59 66 67 68 68 68 71 71 72

Chapter 2. Internetworking and Transport Layer Protocols . . . . . . 2.1 Internet Protocol (IP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 IP Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....