Texto de ingles

UNIVERSIDAD DE CARABOBO
FACULTAD DE EDUCACIÓN
ÁREA DE POSTGRADO
CURSO DE INGLÉS

PRIMERA PRUEBA FORMATIVA
TEXTO 1

Instructional Strategies to Enhance Student Motivation and Learning Transfer
Research suggests that transfer and motivation are mutually supportive in creating an optimal learning environment. If the learner perceives what he is learning to be relevant and transferable toother situations, he will find learning meaningful, and his motivation to acquire the skill or knowledge will increase. Similarly, for transfer to take place, the learner must be motivated to do two things. First, he must be able to recognize opportunities for transfer; second, he needs to possess the motivation to take advantage of these opportunities.
Transfer and motivation play important rolesin learning. Transfer, the application of prior knowledge to new learning situations, is often seen as a learning goal, and thus the extent to which transfer occurs is a measure of learning success.
Motivation, defined as the impetus to create and sustain intentions and goal-seeking acts is important because it determines the extent of the learner's active involvement and attitude towardlearning.
Research studies have shown that language acquisition is the result of an interplay between cognitive mechanism and environmental conditions (Spolsky, 1985; Sivert & Egbert, 1995). Understanding and creating optimal language learning environments thus becomes a primary concern of the language teacher. Teachers can observe circumstances under which learners acquire language and can makeadjustments toward creating optimal learning conditions. In designing learning activities, the language teacher should remember that because language learning focuses on both the accuracy and appropriateness of application in various contexts of use, learners must be given opportunities to participate as language users in multiple contexts. These opportunities will result in learners' heightenedmotivation and awareness of the intricacies of language use.
Some teaching strategies that can be used to foster motivation and provide better transfer opportunities of language skills include the following:
Encourage learners to take ownership in learning.
Have learners take ownership of the learning assignment by letting them identify and decide for themselves relevant learning goals. This willmotivate them to apply what they have learned to attain these learning goals.
Promote intentional cognition or mindfulness to learning in various contexts.
Learners must be able to practice language in multiple contexts in order to bridge domains and foster active abstraction of concepts learned (Bransford, et al. 1990). This will help learners recognize the relevance and transferability ofdifferent learning skills or knowledge.
Increase authenticity of learning tasks and goals.
Learners should recognize a real need to accomplish learning goals that are relevant and holistic (rather than task-specific). This prepares them for the complexities of real-world tasks that require them to use language skills and knowledge that have to be continually transferred.
Learner anxiety (Horwitz,1986) and other negative feelings can be stumbling blocks to learners becoming cognizant of learning and transfer opportunities. Thus, providing our learners with the motivation to learn is one of the best steps we can take to facilitate learning success. This is best conveyed by Bruner (1960, p.31): "The best way to create interest in a subject is to render it worth knowing, which means to makethe knowledge gained usable in one's thinking beyond the situation in which learning has occurred."

ACTIVIDADES
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1. ¿Cuándo llega el alumno a considerar el aprendizaje como significativo?

If the learner perceives what he is learning to be relevant and transferable to other situations, he will find...