Tunisia

Tunisia (US i /tuːˈniːʒə/ too-NEE-zhə, UK /tjuːˈnɪziə/ tew-NIZ-iə; Arabic: تونس‎ [tuːnis], Berber: Tunes), officially the Tunisian Republic (الجمهورية التونسية‎ al-Jumhūriyya at-Tūnisiyya), is the northernmost country in Africa. It is a Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area is almost165,000 square kilometres (64,000 sq mi), with an estimated population of just over 10.4 million. Its name is derived from the capital Tunis located in the north-east.
Tunisia is the smallest of the nations situated along the Atlas mountain range. The south of the country is composed of the Sahara desert, with much of the remainder consisting of particularly fertile soil and 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) ofcoastline. Both played a prominent role in ancient times, first with the famous Phoenician city of Carthage, then as the Roman province of Africa, which was known as the "bread basket" of Rome. Later, Tunisia was occupied by Vandals during the 5th century AD, Byzantines in the 6th century, and Arabs in the 8th century. Under the Ottoman Empire, Tunisia was known as "Regency of Tunis". It passed underFrench protectorate in 1881. After obtaining independence in 1956 the country took the official name of the "Kingdom of Tunisia" at the end of the reign of Lamine Bey and the Husainid Dynasty. With the proclamation of the Tunisian republic on July 25, 1957, the nationalist leader Habib Bourguiba became its first president.
The country was governed by the authoritarian regime of President Zine ElAbidine Ben Ali from 1987 to 2011 before he fled following wide-ranging protests, sometimes nicknamed the Jasmine Revolution after the national flower. Tarek el-Tayyib Mohamed Ben Bouazizi (March 29, 1984 – January 4, 2011; Arabic: محمد البوعزيزي‎), known simply as Mohamed Bouazizi, was a Tunisian street vendor who set himself on fire on December 17, 2010, in protest of the confiscation of hiswares and the humiliation that was inflicted on him by a female municipal official. This act became the catalyst for the 2010–2011 Tunisian revolution, sparking deadly demonstrations and riots throughout Tunisia in protest of social and political issues in the country. Anger and violence intensified following Bouazizi's death, leading then-President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali to step down on January14, 2011, after 23 years in power. Tunisia, an export-oriented country in the process of liberalizing and privatizing an economy that has averaged 5% GDP growth since the early 1990s, had suffered corruption benefiting the former president's family.[7]
Tunisia has relations with both the European Union—with whom it has an association agreement—and the Arab world. Tunisia is also a member of theArab League and the African Union. Tunisia has established close relations with France in particular, through economic cooperation, industrial modernization, and privatisation programs. The government's approach to the Israel-Palestine conflict has also made it an intermediary in Middle Eastern diplomacy.[8][9]
Contents[hide] * 1 Name * 2 History * 2.1 Antiquity * 2.2 TheCarthaginian Period * 2.3 The Roman Period * 2.4 The Islamic Period * 2.5 The Ottoman Rule * 2.6 The French era * 2.6.1 World War II * 2.7 Independence * 3 Politics * 3.1 Human rights * 3.2 Corruption and nepotism * 3.3 2009 National elections * 3.4 2010–2011 revolution and resignation of Ben Ali * 4 Economy * 4.1 Energy* 4.2 Oil and gas * 4.3 Nuclear energy * 4.4 Desertec project * 5 Transport * 6 Governorates and cities * 6.1 Governorates * 6.2 Major cities * 7 Military * 8 Geography * 8.1 Climate * 9 Demographics * 9.1 Religion * 9.2 Language * 9.3 Education * 10 Culture * 10.1 Media * 10.2 Sports * 10.3 Festivals * 11...