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ENGLISH III
PARTIAL 2
STRUCTURES

SIMPLE PAST
The simple past refers to an action or event completed in the past.

SIMPLE PAST WITH BE:
Affirmative:

Subject + was/were + Complement

Ex.

Mr. and Mrs. Brown were teachers.
Mike was a student.

Negative:

Subject + was/were + not + Complement

Ex.

Mr. and Mrs. Brown were not teachers
Mike was not a student

Interrogative:Was/Were + Subject +Complement?

Ex.

Were Mr. and Mrs. Brown teachers?
Was Mike a student?

Subject pronouns
I
You
He, she, it
We
You
They

Verb be
was
were
was
were
were
were

Short answers with be:
Affirmative
I
He
She
It
you
we
they

NOTES:

Negative
was
was

were

I
He
She
It
you
we
they

wasn’t
wasn’t

weren’t

-

-

Contractionsare commonly used in speaking. (was not = ‘wasn’t, , were not = weren’t).
Contractions are often written in notes and letters to friends and relatives. However, full forms are usually
used in formal writing, such as papers, which students write in college.
Be is not contracted when it is the last word in a sentence.

SIMPLE PAST WITH OTHER VERBS:
AFFIRMATIVE
S + v (past) + C

EXAMPLEHenry worked in the bank.
Sara went to Chicago
The cat drank milk.
The students did their homework.
You studied English.
I had a car.

NEGATIVE
S + didn’t + v (sf) + C

EXAMPLE
Henry didn’t work in the bank.
Sara didn’t go to Chicago.
The cat didn’t drink milk.
The students didn’t do their homework.
You didn’t study English.
I didn’t have a car.

INTERROGATIVE
Did + S + v (sf) +C?

EXAMPLE
Did Henry work in the bank?
Did Sara go to Chicago?
Did the cat drink milk?
Did the students do their homework?
Did you study English?
Did you have a car?

NOTES:
-

Verbs in English are REGULAR if they follow rules to form the past tense from their simple
form.
The paste tense of regular verbs is formed by adding the suffix –ed to their simple form and is
used for thedifferent subjects.
Verbs in English are IRREGULAR if they have special forms. These follow certain patterns but
not rules. (check your list of verbs)
For negative past tense verbs, use didn’t before the simple form of the main verb.
The yes/no question form of the simple past tense often includes did before the subject and the
main verb in simple form.

TIME EXPRESSIONS
Yesterday
…..agoLast ….

SPELLING RULES FOR –ed ENDINGS

-

If the simple form of a verb ends in –y after a consonant, change the –y to I and add -ed
Examples:

-

study

studied

carry

carried

If the simple form of a verb of one syllable ends in one consonant after a vowel, double the last
consonant (except x) and add –ed.
Examples:

plan

planned

stop

stopped

Note: theletters w and y at the end of words are vowels, not consonants.
Examples:
-

play

permit

permitted

prefer

preferred

tie

tied

change

changed

ask

asked

Add –ed to the simple form of all other regular verbs.
Examples:

want

wanted

PRONUNCIATION:
-

/ed/ after d, and t endings.
Examples:

-

existed, knitted, needed, wanted.

/t/ after voicelessendings.
Examples:

-

played

If the simple form of a verb ends in –e, add only –d.
Examples:

-

rowed

If the simple form of a verbs ends in an accented (stressed) syllable, follow the rule above for one final
consonant after one vowel.
Examples:

-

row

cooked, helped, talked, washed, watched

/d/ after voiced endings.
Examples:

argued, danced, listened, lived,played, sewed.

PAST PROGRESSIVE
(Past continuous)
-

To make the present continuous tense, use the past form of the verb be before the –ing form of
a main verb.
Use the present progressive to describe activities in progress (happening) at a specific time or
during a period of time in the past.

AFFIRMATIVE:

S + was/were + v ing + C.
Example:

Sandra was living in Chicago.
The...