Ingles

Read these articles and then answer the questions about them.
Engineering History
It has been pretty well agreed that the words 'ingenuity' and 'engineering' in English and 'ingéniosité'
and'ingénierie' in French are linked to the same Latin word-root and that the verb 'to engineer' means
'to be ingenious.' So the kinds of things engineers have done have been generally ingenious. And theword ‘engine’ means ‘an ingenious useful device’.
In prehistoric times, men and women had to be ingenious in order to survive hunger, enemies, climate
and, later, the tyrrany of distance. So there havealways been 'engineers' around, many of whom were
involved in activities we would not associate with engineering today but, rather, with hunting, farming,
fishing, fighting, implement – andtool-making, transportation and many other things.
From around 3000 BC, the pace of development quickened. After simple tools came the development
of wedges, wheels and levers, the use of animals to carryand draw loads and of fire to work metals, the
digging of irrigation canals, and open-pit mining. Geographically, these and many other developments
took place in and around the Mediterranean, in theMiddle East and in Asia Minor. Pyramids were
erected in the Nile Valley.
The Greeks - the inventors - made significant contributions in the 1000 years that straddled the BC-AD
divide. Theyproduced the screw, the ratchet, the water wheel and the aeolipile, better known as Hero's
turbine. The Romans - the improvers and adapters - did likewise, building fortifications, roads,
aqueducts, waterdistribution systems and public buildings across the territories and cities they
controlled. At the other end of the world, the Chinese have been credited with the development of the
wheelbarrow,the rotary fan, the sternpost rudder that guided their bamboo rafts and, later, their junks.
They also began making paper from vegetable fibres – and gunpowder.
The so-called 'Dark Ages' (roughly,...