Ingles

BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Part I

THERE IS - THERE ARE

Estas expresiones se usan para indicar la existencia de algo. Son equivalentes a la expresión HAY, en castellano. THERE IS /δear íz/ se usa con sustantivos singulares o incontables. THERE ARE /δear á:r/ se usa con sustantivos plurales. Normalmente, en el singular, se usa la contracción THERE´S /δéarz/.

There is a book on thedesk /δear íz e búk on δe désk/ (Hay un libro sobre el escritorio) There´s a car in the car park. /δéarz e ká:r in δe ká:r pa:rk/ (Hay un auto en el estacionamiento) There´s some water in the glass. /δéarz sam wóter in δe glæs/ (Hay agua en el vaso)
There are 10 students in my class. /δear á:r tén stiúdents in mai klæs/ (Hay 10 alumnos en mi curso)
There are some chairs in the room/δear á:r sam tchéarz in δe rúm/ (Hay algunas sillas en la sala)

La forma negativa se expresa con THERE IS NOT / THERE ISN´T /δear íznt/ o THERE ARE NOT / THERE AREN´T /δear á:rent/

There is not a book on the desk. /δear iz nót e búk on δe désk/ There isn´t a car in the car park. / δéar íznt e ká:r in δe ká:r pa:rk/ There isn´t any water in the glass. /δéar íznt éni wóter in δeglæs/ There´s no water in the glass /δéarz nóu wóter in δe glæs/
There are not 10 students in my class. /δear a:r nót tén stiúdents in mai klæs/ There aren´t 10 students in my class. /δear á:rent tén stiúdents in mai klæs/ There aren´t any chairs in the room. /δear á:rent éni tchéarz in δe rúm/
There are no chairs in the room. /δear a:r nóu tchéarz in δe rúm/

La forma interrogativase hace mediante simple inversión del verbo con la palabra THERE.

Is there a book on the desk? /íz δer e búk on δe désk/
Is there a car in the car park? /íz δer e ká:r in δe ká:r pa:rk/
Is there any water in the glass? /íz δér éni wóter in δe glæs/
Are there 10 students in the class? /á:r δer tén stiúdents in mai klæs/
Are there any chairs in the room? /á:r δer éni tchéarz in δe rúm/Hay dos palabras interrogativas estrechamente relacionadas con There is y There are: HOW MUCH? /háu match/
(¿Cuánto? ¿Cuánta?) y HOW MANY? /háu méni/ (¿Cuántos? ¿Cuántas?)

How much whisky is there in the glass? There´s very little (whisky).
How much ice is there in the glass? There´s a lot (of ice).
How much water is there? There isn´t any (water). There´s no water.How many doors are there in this room? There´s only one (door).
How many windows are there? There are three (windows).
How many chairs are there? There aren´t any (chairs). There are no chairs.

La palabra SOME /sám/ (algo, algunos / as) solamente se usa en forma afirmativa. En las interrogaciones se debe usar la palabra ANY /éni/. En la forma negativa se puede usarNOT ANY /not éni/ o NO /nóu/.

Estudie la siguiente tabla:

Affirmative | SOME | There´s some water in the glass. /δéarz sam wóter in δe glá:s/There are some trees in the garden /δéar á:r sam trí:z in δe gá:rdn/ |
Negative | NOT ANY | There isn´t any water in the glass. /δear íznt éni wóter in δe glá:s/There aren´t any trees in the garden. /δear á:rent éni trí:z in δegá:rdn/ |
| NO | There ´s no water in the glass. /δéarz nóu wóter in δe glá:s/There are no trees in the garden. /δear á:r nóu trí:z in δe gá:rdn/ |
Interrogative | ANY? | Is there any water in the glass? /iz δearz éni wóter in δe glá:s/Are there any trees in the garden? . /a:r δear éni trí:z in δe gá:rdn/ |


El uso de LITTLE /lítl/ (poco/a), FEW /fiú:/ (pocos/as) y A LOT OF /e lót ov/(bastante/bastantes)

There´s very little water in the glass /δéarz véri lítl wóter in δe glá:s/ Hay muy poca agua en el vaso
There´s a lot of ice in my glass. /δéarz e lót ov áis in mai glá:s/ Hay bastante hielo en mi vaso
There are very few desks in the room. /δear a:r véri fiú: desks in δe rú:m/ Hay muy pocos escritorios en la sala
There are a lot of chairs in the room. /δear...