Longman English Grasmmar Alexander

Longman
English
Grammar
L G.Alexander

Consultant- R A. Close, CBE

Pearson Education Limited,
Edinburgh Gate, Harlow,
Essex CM20 2JE, England
and Associated Companies throughout the world
www longman com
© Longman Group UK Limited 1988
All rights reserved, no part of the publication
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
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Distributed in the United States of America by
Longman publishing, New York
First published 1988
Twentieth impression 2003
BRITISH LIBRARY CATALOGUING IN PUBLICATION DATA
Alexander L G
Longman English Grammar
1 English language - Text-books for
foreign speakers
1 Title
4282'4
PE1128
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA
Alexander, L G
Longman English Grammar/L G Alexander, consultant, R A Close
p cm
Includes index
ISBN 0-582-55892-1
1 English language - Grammar - 1950- 2 English language Text-books for foreign speakers
1 Close, R A II Title
PE1112A43
1988
4 28 2'4-dc19
87-22519 CIP
Set in 8 on 9 1/2pt Linotron 202 Helvetica
Printed inChina
SWTC/20

Louis Alexander was born in London in 1932 He was educated at
Godalming Grammar School and London University He taught English
in Germany (1954-56) and Greece (1956-65), where he was Head of
the English Department of the Protypon Lykeion, Athens He was
adviser to the Deutscher Volkshochschulverband (1968-78) and
contributed to the design of two important English examinationsin
German Adult Education He was a member of the Council of Europe
Committee on Modern Language Teaching (1973-78) and is one of the
authors of The Threshold Level (1975) and Waystage (1977) These
modern syllabuses are the basis of many communicative language
courses He is also one of the authors of English Grammatical Structure
(1975), a basic syllabus for grading structures forteaching/learning
purposes In 1986-88 he was adviser to the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate for the Cambridge Certificate in English
for International Communication
Louis Alexander is best known as the author of innovative works like
First Things First (1967), which set new standards in course-design He
has written
Courses, such as New Concept English (1967), Look, Listen andLearn
(1968-71), Target (1972-74), Mainline (1973-81), Follow Me
(1979-80) and Plain English (1987-88)
Language Practice Books such as A First Book in Comprehension
(1964), Question and Answer (1967) and For and Against (1968)
Readers, such as Operation Mastermind (1971), K's First Case (1975),
Dangerous Game (1977) and Foul Play (1983)
He created the blueprint for the self-study series inmodern languages,
Survive ( 1980-83) and has published language courses in the field
of computer-assisted language learning
The Longman English Grammar is the culmination of more than thirty
years' work in English as a foreign language

MI

Contents

Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of degree
Intensifies
Focus adverbs
Viewpoint adverbs and
connectives
Inversion after adverbsIntroduction
1 The sentence
Sentence word order
The simple sentence
The compound sentence
The complex sentence
Introduction
Noun clauses
Relative pronouns and clauses
Adverbial clauses
Participle constructions

12
13
16
24
30

2 Nouns
One-word nouns
Compound nouns
Countable/uncountable nouns
Number (singular and plural)
Gender
The genitive
3 Articles
General information
Theindefinite article a/an
The definite article the
The zero article

1
4
10
12

34
35
38
43
49
51
55
57
61
65

4 Pronouns
General information
72
Personal pronouns
73
One
76
It
78
Possessive adjectives/pronouns 80
Reflexive pronouns
82
Demonstrative adjectives/
pronouns
85
Indefinite pronouns
86
5 Quantity
General introduction
Particular quantifiers
Distributives...