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U.S. History Chapter 18: Imperialism

Definition
* The policy, practice of advocacy of extending the power and dominion of a nation
* Practice of promoting the culture of the nation
Factors that fueled U.S. Imperialism
* Economics
* Industrialization
* Surplus production
* Need for captive markets and sources of raw materials
* Internationalcompetition
* Need for new markets in Latin America and Asia
* Increased Commercial interests
* Specifically foreign exports
* Politics
* Expansion
* The New Manifest Destiny
* Expand across the oceans
* Monroe Doctrine
* Intervene in Western Hemisphere against European conquests
* Foreign policy
* Amajor departure of the U.S. policy of isolation to involvement in world affairs
* International stature
* Be among world powers
* Military
* Need to establish a global military presence as its European counterparts
* Admiral Alfred Mahan is outspoken about military expansion
* Naval power -> expansion
* Wrote a book “The Influence of SeaPower Upon History” (1660-1783). Published in 1890.
* Admiral Alfred Mahan advices:
* U.S. needs to build weapons of war to defend shipping lanes
* Strong merchant marine
* Acquire supply/military bases
* Establish a near monopoly of seaborne commerce from which to draw wealth, manpower and supplies
* Construct a canal across the isthmus ofCentral America (control trade)
* Conquer a string of colonies to support all of the above (ie – Hawaii, Caribbean)
* Social (very racist)
* Social Darwinism
* Belief in racial and cultural superiority of people of Anglo-Saxon descent
* “White man’s burden”
* Passing of the baton
* Poem by Rudyard Kipling
* Explainshow white man has a responsibility to educate the rest of the world
* Christianize and civilize the inferior people
* First the British, then the Americans
* Religious/missionary interests
* They argued that the U.S. had a responsibility to spread Christianity and civilization to the world’s “inferior” people

Albert Beveridge
* Senator whojustifies imperialism of U.S.
* Adopts the Puritan ideal of: “become a city upon a hill”.

Anti-Imperialists:
* Arguments
* Annexation of territory without planned steps for statehoods was unprecedented and unconstitutional
* To occupy and govern a people without their consent violated ideals of the Declaration of Independence
* Social Reforms in the U.S. were a prioritybefore foreign expansionism
* “Inferior peoples” should not form part of the U.S.
* Foreign laborers compete for U.S. employment
* The Anti-Imperialist league establishes 1898-fight annexation
* Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William Jennings Bryan, Samuel Gompers

Conquest of Hawaii:
* Since 1790’s American merchants stopped in Hawaii on their way to China and EastIndia
* 1820’s – American and European missionaries founded schools and churches in Hawaii
* “They came in to do good, instead they did well”
* Their grandchildren and children became wealthy sugar planters (market U.S.)
* Importation of thousands of laborers
* 1875 – U.S. agrees to import Hawaiian sugar duty free
* Americans in Hawaii can sell their sugar withouttaxes
* Had to find a way to compete with Caribbean sugar
* 1887 – Bayonet Constitution Hawaiian League
* Wanted to “reform” the monarchy
* King Kalakua accepts a new Cabinet composed of league members
* Made him a mere figurehead
* It placed the actual executive power in the hands of the Cabinet, whose members could no longer be dismissed by the kings,...