Quimica Organica

ESTERS
Esters are organic compounds derived from organic or inorganic oxygenated acids in which one or more hidroxiles are organic groups substituted by alkyl (symbolized by R ').
Etymologically, the word "ester" is Greek-Äther Essig (vinegar ether), was formerly known as the ethyl acetate.
In the most common acid esters in question is a carboxylic acid. For example, if the acid is aceticacid, the ethyl ester is referred to as. Esters may also be formed with inorganic acids such as carbonic acid (carbonic esters originates), phosphoric acid (phosphate esters) or sulfuric acid. For example, the dimethyl sulfate is an ester, sometimes called "sulfuric acid dimethyl ester."

A test is recommended to detect the formation of esters ferric hydroxamates, easy to recognize because they arecolored:
Hydroxamic acid assay: the first step of the reaction is the conversion of a hydroxamic acid ester (base-catalyzed). In the next step it reacts with ferric chloride hydroxamate producing an intense red-violet.
In biochemistry are the product of reaction between fatty acids and alcohols.
In the formation of esters, each radical OH (hydroxyl group) of the alcohol radical is replacedby-COO-chain fatty acid. The remainder H of the carboxyl group, is combined with the OH substituted, forming water.
In organic chemistry and biochemistry esters are a functional group consisting of an organic radical attached to the oxygen acid residue of any organic or inorganic.
Esters most commonly found in nature are fats which are esters of glycerol and fatty acids (oleic acid, stearic acid,etc.)
Primarily resulting from the condensation of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. The esterification process is known:
A cyclic ester is a lactone.

TRANSESTERIFICATION
The esters react with alcohols with acid or base catalysis to give a new ester without having to pass through the free carboxylic acid. This reaction is called transesterification.
REACTION WITH ORGANOMETALLIC
Grignardreagents convert esters to alcohols. The reaction can not be stopped and there is the addition of two equivalents of organometallic.
REDUCTION TO ALCOHOLS AND ALDEHYDES
The lithium aluminum hydride and converted into the DIBAL in alcohols and aldehydes.
PROPERTIES
Esters taste and smell give many fruits and are the major constituents of animal and vegetable waxes.
HYDROLYSIS OF ESTERS
Thehydrolysis of the esters is catalyzed by acids or bases and this leads to carboxylic acids

The human genome |

Genome E1 should be understood as the entire genetic information stored in the DNA of cells. Each person has their own genome, which bears a strong similarity (99.8%) with all of their own species and only differs from the chimpanzee in just over 1%. This information, which is stored inevery one of his cells and defines and identifies him as a unique and independent is what is known as its gene or genome.
The human genome, the great book of life that contains the instructions that determine the physical and psychological and intellectual part of the individual, has recently been deciphered by more than 99% full, thanks to the efforts of an international public consortium (HumanGenome Project) and a private company (Celera). But we have to wait a few more years until we have the complete genome information.

Once we know the sequence of letters contained in the DNA that are symbolically we can consider the words and phrases of this great book of life, there is still a significant way to go, and is to interpret and understand the information, know the location andrelevance of each of the genes and their role in the diagnosis of diseases and personalized therapy for each individual. In this sense, genome sequencing opens a new avenue in the knowledge and expectations of interest based on the socio-sanitary. But there are still important issues to be resolved before these expectations are realized.
Genome Organization
People are formed by an enormous number...