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Peru
Peru officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest statein Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.
Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies fromthe arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes Mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a high Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 31%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.
The Peruvian population, estimated at 29.5 million,is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans, and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music.
Peru is divided into 25 regions and the province of Lima. Each region has anelected government composed of a president and council that serve four-year terms.[45] These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property.

Unlike other equatorial countries, Peru does not have an exclusively tropical climate, the influence of the Andes and the Humboldt Current attach great climatic diversityPeruvian territory.
The central coast and south of the country have an arid subtropical or desert, with an average temperature of 18 ° C and annual rainfall of 150 mm, by action of the sea cold Humboldt. In contrast, the north coast has a tropical arid climate, due to the tropical sea, with an average temperature above 24 ° C and rainfall during the verano.21 when occurrence of El Niño, the averagetemperature along the coast rises (with a maximum of 40 ° C) and rainfall increases significantly in the north and central coast.
In the mountains you look at the following climates: temperate sub-humid areas between 1,000 and 3,000 meters, with temperatures around 20 ° C and rainfall between 500 and 1,200 mm a year, cool weather between 3,000 and 4,000 m, with average annual temperatures of 12 °C and frost during winter, frigid climate or puna, in areas between 4,000 and 5,000 meters, with an average temperature of 6 ° C and annual rainfall of 700 mm and climate snow or icy in areas above 5,000 m, with temperatures below 0 ° C and nevadas.22
In the forest there are two types of climate: humid subtropical climate in the high forest, with rainfall greater than 2,000 mm per year andaverage temperatures around 22 ° C, and humid tropical climate in the lowland, with rainfall range of 2,000 mm per year and average temperatures of 27 ° C.22

Most Peruvian rivers drain from the Andes and into one of three basins in the country sides. The flowing into the Pacific Ocean are short, steep course and seasonal regime. The tributaries of the Amazon River are longer, more flowing and yourcourse has a slope less once they leave the mountains. The longest rivers in Peru are in the Amazon basin: the Ucayali, the Marañón, the Putumayo, the Yavari, the Huallaga, the Urubamba, the Mantaro and Amazonas.23 The rivers flowing into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have great caudal.24

The rugged terrain and unique natural history of Peru has caused it to be considered one of the...