Sartre

Jean-Paul Sartre
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Jean-Paul Sartre |

Jean-Paul Sartre in 1950 |
Born | 21 June 1905(1905-06-21)
Paris, France |
Died | 15 April 1980(1980-04-15) (aged 74)
Paris, France |
Era | 20th-century philosophy |
Region | Western philosophy |
School |Continental philosophy, Existentialism, Marxism |
Main interests | Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, Literature, Phenomenology, Politics, Ontology |
Notable ideas | Bad faith, Existence precedes essence, Nothingness |
Influenced by[show] * Aron, St. Augustine of Hippo, Camus, Céline, De Beauvoir, Dostoyevsky, Flaubert, Freud, Hegel, Heidegger, Husserl, Jaspers, Kierkegaard, Kojève, Mao,Marx, Merleau-Ponty, Nietzsche, Dos Passos, Jean-Jacques Rousseau,[1] Schopenhauer, Voltaire |
Influenced[show] * Alain Badiou, Albert Camus, De Beauvoir, William Burroughs, Frantz Fanon, André Gorz, Che Guevara, Michael Jackson, Fredric Jameson, R. D. Laing, Doris Lessing,Merleau-Ponty, Iris Murdoch, Kenzaburo Oe, Roberto Mangabeira Unger, Michel Foucault, Nanavira Thera, Richard Wright. |Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (/ˈsɑːtrə/; French pronunciation: [saʁtʁ]; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French existentialist philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic. He was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism, and one of the leading figures in 20th century French philosophy and Marxism. His work, in additionto being influential to existentialism and Marxism, has also influenced sociology, critical theory, and literary studies, and continues to influence these disciplines. Sartre has also been noted for his relationship with the prominent feminist theorist Simone de Beauvoir.
He was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature but refused it, saying that he always declined official honours and that,"a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution."[2]
Contents [hide]  * 1 Biography * 1.1 Early life and thought * 1.2 Sartre and World War II * 1.3 Politics * 1.4 Late life and death * 2 Thought * 3 Sartre as a public intellectual * 4 Sartre and literature * 5 Criticisms * 6 Works * 7 See also * 8 Sources * 9 References * 10 Furtherreading * 11 External links * 11.1 By Sartre * 11.2 On Sartre |
[edit] Biography
[edit] Early life and thought
Jean-Paul Sartre was born in Paris as the only child of Jean-Baptiste Sartre, an officer of the French Navy, and Anne-Marie Schweitzer.[3] His mother was of Alsatian origin and the first cousin of Nobel Prize laureate Albert Schweitzer. (Her father, Charles Schweitzer, wasthe older brother of Albert Schweitzer's father, Louis Théophile.)[4] When Sartre was only a year old, his father died of a fever. Anne-Marie moved back to her parents' house in Meudon, where she raised Sartre with help from her father, a professor of German, who taught Sartre mathematics and introduced him to classical literature at a very early age.[5] When he was twelve, Satre's motherremarried, and the family moved to La Rochelle, where he was frequently bullied.[6]
As a teenager in the 1920s, Sartre became attracted to philosophy upon reading Henri Bergson's essay Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness.[7] He studied and earned a doctorate in philosophy in Paris at the École Normale Supérieure, an institution of higher education that was the alma materfor several prominent French thinkers and intellectuals.[8] It was at ENS that Sartre began his life-long, sometimes fractious, friendship with Raymond Aron.[9] Sartre was influenced by many aspects of Western philosophy, absorbing ideas from Kant, Hegel, Kierkegaard, Husserl and Heidegger, among others. Perhaps the most decisive influence on Sartre's philosophical development was his weekly...