Spanish Study Guide

SPANISH STUDY GUIDE
SUBJECT
yo (I)
tú (informal) (you)
él, ella, usted (ud.,vd.)
(he, she, you-polite)
nosotros, -as, --- y yo
(we, --- and I)
vosotros, -as
(informal) (you)
Ellos, ellas, ustedes
(uds.,vds.) (they, you)
Used as the subject of
the sentence

PRONOUNS - PERSONAL PRONOUNS
DIRECT OBJECT
INDIRECT
REFLEXIVE
me
(me)
me
(to me)
me
(myself)
te
(you)
te
(to you)te
(yourself)
lo, la
(him, her,
le
(to you, him,
se
(yourself,
you, it)
her)
himself, herself)
nos
(we)
nos
(to us)
nos (ourselves)
os

os

(to you)

os

los, las (them, these)

les

(to them)

se

stands for a person or
thing that directly
receives the action of
the verb

stand for a person “to”
who or “for” whom an
action is performed

ADJECTIVESPossessive Adjectives
mi, -s
my
tu, -s
your familiar
su, -s
his, her,
your (polite)
nuestro, -a, -s
our
vuestro, -a , -s
your familiar
su, -s
their, your
(polite)

(you plural)

(yourselves)

(themselves,
yourselves)
used when the
subject performs the
action on or to itself

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
Singular
Plural
este, esta
estos, estas this - these
ese, esa
esos, esasthat - those

PREPOSITIONAL
mí
ti
él, ella, usted
nosotros, -as
vosotros, -as
ellos, ellas, ustedes
used after a
preposition - “para”,
“con” - but “conmigo”,
“contigo”

INTERROGATIVE WORDS
¿Quién? ¿Quiénes?
Who?
¿Qué?
What?
¿Cuál? ¿Cuáles?
Which?
¿A quién?
To whom?
¿De quién?
From whom?
¿Cuándo?
When?
¿Dónde?
Where?
¿De dónde?
From where?
¿A dónde?
To where?¿Cuánto? ¿Cuántos? How many?
¿Por qué?
Why?
¿Para qué?
For what
purpose?
¿Cómo?
How?

aquel
aquellos
that - those
aquella
aquellas
(at a distance)
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
éste, ésta
éstos, éstas
this one, these
ones
ése, ésa
ésos, ésas
that one, those
ones
aquél,
aquéllos,
that one, those
aquélla
aquéllas
ones (at a
distance)
NOUNS AND GENDER - All nouns are given a feminineor masculine identity. Most of the time, nouns ending in “–a”
are feminine and those ending in “–o” are masculine. There are many exceptions. “El” (m) and “la” (f) are definite article
and “un” (m) and “una” (f) are indefinite. Definite is “the” referring to a specific item. Indefinite is “a” or “an” indicating
something not specific. “Unos” and “unas” can mean “a few,” “several,” or “some.”There are many exceptions. See
charts below.
NOUNS WITH THE 1ST SYLLABLE STRESSED, BEGINNING
IN “a” AND ENDING IN “a.”
They are masculine in the singular but are feminine words.
Singular
Meaning
Plural
EL AGUA
WATER
LAS AGUAS
EL ÁGUILA
EAGLE
LAS ÁGUILAS
EL ÁREA
AREA
LAS ÁREAS
EL ARMA
WEAPON
LAS ARMAS
EL HACHA
AX
LAS HACHAS
EL ALA
WING
LAS ALAS
EL HAMBRE
HUNGER
(noplural)
EL AMA
HOUSEWIFE
LAS AMAS
EL HADA
FAIRY
LAS HADAS
EL ALMA
SOUL
LAS ALMAS
PERO: “LA ALFALFA” “LA ALMOHADA” because the first
syllable is not stressed. -the next-to-the-last syllable is.

OJO: Adjectives would be feminine – el agua blanca
©2005 by Rachel Sumrell
All inquiries should be made to maestra2080@yahoo.com

NOUNS THAT ARE M/F BECAUSE OF MEANING
Feminine
Masculine
lamujer – the woman
el hombre – the man
la madre – the mother
el padre – the father
la hembra – the feminine
el varón – the male being
being

Nouns that change
articles only for gender
LA/EL TURISTA
LA/EL POLICíA
LA/EL JOVEN
LA/EL ARTISTA
LA/EL AZTECA
LA/EL TESTIGO
EL/LA ESTUDIANTE
LA/EL AMANTE

Nouns that change articles
and endings for gender
EL ELEFANTE - A
EL ABOGADO - A
ELPROFESOR - A
EL MÉDICO -A
EL PRESIDENTE -A
EL JUEZ –A
EL ESCULTOR - A

Nouns that change for nationality.
el francés
la francesa
el español
la española
el alemán
la alemana
el irlandés
la irlandesa
el chino
(OJO: No accent when a syllable is
el ruso
added to word.)
NOUNS THAT END EN “A” FROM GREEK ORIGIN
THAT ARE MASCULINE.
EL CLIMA
EL DIAGRAMA
EL DíA
EL CARISMA
EL...