Tareas

The Environmental Impact of Vehicle Emissions
From: Illinois EPA
http://www.epa.state.il.us/air/vim/guide/air_pollution.html
Emissions from an individual car are generally low, relative to the smokestack image many people associate with air pollution; however, in numerous cities across the country, the personal automobile is one of the single greatest sources of air pollution as emissions frommillions of vehicles on the road add up. Vehicle emissions are responsible for up to 50 percent of the emissions that form ground-level ozone and up to 90 percent of carbon monoxide in major metropolitan areas. Driving a private car is probably a typical citizen's most "polluting" daily activity.
The power to move a car comes from burning fuel in an engine. Pollution from cars comes from:
•by products of this combustion process (exhaust) and,
• from evaporation of the fuel itself
(Emissions generated by brakes and tires are not mentioned in this article but they are also an important source of emission)
Gasoline and diesel fuels are mixtures of hydrocarbons -- compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon atoms. In a "perfect" engine, oxygen in the air would convert all thehydrogen in the fuel to water and all the carbon in the fuel to carbon dioxide. Nitrogen in the air would remain unaffected. In reality, the combustion process cannot be "perfect," and automotive engines emit several types of pollutants.
"Perfect" Combustion:
Fuel (hydrocarbons) + air (oxygen and nitrogen) = carbon dioxide + water + unaffected nitrogen
Typical Engine Combustion:
Fuel + air =unburned hydrocarbons + nitrogen oxides + carbon monoxide + carbon dioxide + water
Exhaust Pollutants
[pic]Hydrocarbons (HC): Hydrocarbon emissions result when fuel molecules in the engine do not burn or burn only partially. Hydrocarbons react in the presence of nitrogen oxides and sunlight to form ground-level ozone, a major component of smog. Ozone irritates the eyes, damages the lungs, andaggravates respiratory problems. It is our most widespread and intractable urban air pollution problem. A number of exhaust hydrocarbons are also toxic, with the potential to cause cancer.
[pic]Nitrogen oxides (NOx): Under the high pressure and temperature conditions in an engine, nitrogen and oxygen atoms in the air react to form various nitrogen oxides, collectively known as NOx. Nitrogen oxides,like hydrocarbons, are precursors to the formation of ozone. They also contribute to the formation of acid rain.
[pic]Carbon monoxide (CO): Carbon monoxide is a product of incomplete combustion and occurs when carbon in the fuel is partially oxidized rather than fully oxidized to carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide reduces the flow of oxygen in the bloodstream and is particularly dangerous to personswith heart disease.
[pic]Carbon dioxide (CO2): In recent years, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has started to view carbon dioxide, a product of "perfect" combustion, as a pollution concern. Carbon dioxide does not directly impair human health, but it is a "greenhouse gas" that traps the earth's heat and contributes to the potential for global warming.
Evaporative EmissionsHydrocarbon pollutants also escape into the air through fuel evaporation. With today's efficient exhaust emission controls and modern gasoline formulations, evaporative losses can account for a majority of the total hydrocarbon pollution from current model cars on hot days when ozone levels are highest. Evaporative emissions occur several ways:
[pic]Diurnal: Gasoline evaporation increases as thetemperature rises during the day, heating the fuel tank and venting gasoline vapors.
[pic]Running Losses: The hot engine and exhaust system can vaporize gasoline when the car is running
[pic]Hot Soak: The engine remains hot for a period of time after the car is turned off, and gasoline evaporation continues when the car is parked.
[pic]Refueling: Gasoline vapors are always present in fuel tanks. These...