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The quantum mechanics

The quantum mechanics, - also quantum physics-, is the science that takes as an object the study and behavior of the matter to limited scale, the limited concept refers here to sizes from which they start noticing effects as the beginning of indetermination of Heidelberg that establishes the inability to know with accuracy, arbitrary and simultaneously, the position andthe moment of a particle. This way, the fundamental beginning of the quantum mechanics establishes with major accuracy the behavior and the dynamics of irreversible systems. The effects on the matter are notable in materials mesoscópicos, approximately 1.000 atoms of composition.

Some important foundations of the theory are that the energy does not exchange of constant form. In any energeticexchange there is a minimal involved quantity, called all that.

If we agree the fact that it is impossible to fix simultaneously the position and the moment of a particle, we resign somehow the concept of path, vital in classic mechanics. Instead of it, the movement of a particle remains governed by a mathematical function that assigns, to every point of the space and to every instant, theprobability of which the described particle is situated in a position determined in a certain instant (at least, in the interpretation of the most usual quantum Mechanics, the probabilística or interpretation of Copenhagen). From this function, or wave function, there are extracted theoretically all the necessary magnitudes of the movement.

The quantum theory was developed in his basic form along thefirst half of the 20th century. The fact that the energy is exchanged of discreet form it was emphasized by experimental facts as following, inexplicable with the "previous" theoretical tools of the classic mechanics or the electrodynamics:

* Spectrum of the radiation of the black body, solved by Max Planck with the cuantización of the energy. The total energy of the black body proved that itwas taking discreet values more than constant. This phenomenon called cuantización, and the smallest possible intervals between the discreet values are called quanta (singular: quantum, of the Latin word for "quantity", of there the name of quantum mechanics). The size of all those changes from a system to other one.

* Under certain experimental conditions, the microscopic objects like the atomsor the electrons exhibit a wave behavior, since in the interference. Under other conditions, the same species of objects exhibit a behavior corpuscular, of particle, ("particle" wants to say an object that can be located in a special region of the Space), since in the dispersion of particles. This phenomenon knows as duality wave - particle.

* The physical properties of objects with relatedhistories can be correlated in an extent prohibited by any classic theory, in a such extent that only they can be described accurately if we refer to both simultaneously. This phenomenon is called entrelazamiento quantum and Bell's inequality describes his difference with the ordinary correlation. The measures of the violations of Bell's inequality were of the major checkings of the quantummechanics.

The formal development of the theory was a work of the joint efforts of many and very good physicists and mathematicians of the epoch like Schrödinger, Heisenberg, Einstein, Dirac, Bohr and Von Neumann between others (the list is long). Some of the fundamental aspects of the theory they are being still studied actively. The quantum mechanics has been adopted also as the underlying theory tomany fields of the physics and the chemistry, including in condensed, thermodynamic matter, quantum and physical chemistry of particles.

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