The Seven Principles (Translation)

THE SEVEN PRINCIPLES

http://interpreters.free.fr/consecnotes/rozan.htm

The use of a technique is always dependent upon the application of a certain number of principles. This is what we call the instructions. One need not follow the rules recommended in such instructions. Indeed the product, device or system for which they were devised may well work even if they are not observed, but willdo so less efficiently. Furthermore, the simpler the instructions, the more likely the user is to follow them. The same applies to note-taking. A few very simple principles give this system its sound base and precision, and make using it straightforward. There are seven of these principles; in order they are:

1 Noting the idea and not the word
2 The rules of abbreviation
3 Links
4 Negation
5Adding emphasis
6 Verticality
7 Shift

Some of these principles have already been explained by Jean Herbert in his Interpreter’s Handbook.

1. Noting the idea rather than the word

Take any French text and give it to 10 excellent English translators. The result will be ten very well translated texts, but ten very different texts in as far as the actual words used are
concerned. Thefact that we have ten good translations, but ten different texts, shows that what is important is the translation of the idea and not the word. This is even truer of interpretation since the interpreter must produce a version of the text in another language immediately. He must be free of the often misleading constraints that words represent. It is through the analysis and notation of the ideas thatthe interpreter will avoid mistakes and a laboured delivery.
Example: Let us take the following, from French into English: „Il y a des fortes chances pour que...../ There is a very good chance that...” If we base our notation of this expression on the words, the key word is chance. If we base it on the idea, it is probable.
The notes will have to be read 20 minutes – even an hour – after theidea was originally expressed. In the first example it would be very easy to make a mistake. Having noted chance the interpreter might, if the context allowed, render it „there is a chance that” or „by chance”. If on the other hand he noted probable the mistake cannot be made. The issue of style is also dealt with in the second example where one would automatically say (interpreting into English),„It is probable that”, or „it is likely that”, or „in all likelihood” whereas in the first example even if the interpreter had correctly recalled the idea that the word chance represented he/she will be a prisoner to that word and might easily produce a gallicism.
Example: „We should try to live up to....”. It would be absurd to note the word „live” and it would greatly increase the risk ofmaking a mistake. Although it would seem to be very different from the original it would be more appropriate to note in French, for example, „ à la hauteur” (in english ‘to be up to’). This is the result of analysing the idea behind what is said and noting it idiomatically in the target language. It would be just as useful to note be =, representing being equal to , which could very easily be readback idiomatically in intepretation (ie. „à la hauteur in French”, „to be up to in English”).

Whenever taking notes the interpreter must concentrate on the major idea and how this can be noted clearly and simply (preferably in the target language, although this is not essential).
In the practical exercises in Part 3 of this book you will find a number of examples of noting the idea ratherthan the word. It is recommended that you examine these with particular care.

2. The Rules of Abbreviation

A. Abbreviation of words


The rule of thumb is that unless a word is short (4-5 letters) the interpreter should note it in an abbreviated form.
If we have to note “specialized” it is more meaningful and reliable to note sped than to write spec.

Other examples:

Stat. could...