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The History of Computer Programming
. Herman Hollerith discovered the idea of encoding information on punch cards by observing railroad conductors punch tickets, andimplemented a records system of punch cards for the 1890 census. Modern computer programming started much later with a few basic languages which have influenced most modern computer languages. The three we willstart with are FORTRAN, LISP and COBOL, all designed in the 1950s; many modern concepts come from them.
Computer programming (often shortened to programming, scripting, or coding) is the process ofdesigning, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. This source code is written in one or more programming languages (such as C++, C#, Java, Python,Smalltalk, etc.). The purpose of programming is to create a set of instructions that computers use to perform specific operations or to exhibit desired behaviors. The process of writing source code oftenrequires expertise in many different subjects, including knowledge of the application domain, specialized algorithms and formal logic.
Within software engineering, programming (the implementation) isregarded as one phase in a software development process.
There is an ongoing debate on the extent to which the writing of programs is an art form, a craft, or an engineering discipline.[1] In general,good programming is considered to be the measured application of all three, with the goal of producing an efficient and evolvable software solution (the criteria for "efficient" and "evolvable" varyconsiderably). The discipline differs from many other technical professions in that programmers, in general, do not need to be licensed or pass any standardized (or governmentally regulated)certification tests in order to call themselves "programmers" or even "software engineers." Because the discipline covers many areas, which may or may not include critical applications, it is debatable whether...