Administracion De Empresa

The Byzantine empire does not have a concrete beginning some historical believed that they emerged in Roman history as a result of the easternizing policy of Diocletian, others argued that their history began when Constantine moved his capital from Rome to Constantinople. Those are some of the belief of many historians. From 610 to 1071 the main military and political history was determined byresistance against successive waves of invention from the east. In 614, as symbol of their triumph the Persians carried off from Jerusalem the relic believed to be part of the original cross on which Jesus had been crucified. Moreover, Persian was reduced to subordination and Heraclius reigned in glory until 641. By 650 the new armies had taken most of the Byzantine territories that the Persians hadoccupied.
In 717 the Arab threat to Constantinople and mark a new low in Byzantine fortunes, but the threat was countered by Leo the Isaurian. He was able to defeat the force of Arab on sea and land. In the tenth century Byzantine troops conquered most of Syria. But in the next century a different Islamic people, the Seliuk Turks, cancelled out all the prior Byzantine gains.
Byzantine powerwas completely focus upon the imperial court at Constantinople, and because rulers fallowed their late Roman predecessors in claiming the power of divinely appointed absolute monarchs. There was a major different between Byzantine east and the early Latin west: from 600 to 1200 the lay literacy in the western was limited, whereas in the Byzantine East widespread lay literacy was the basis ofgovernment accomplishment. Furthermore, Constantinople was vital trade emporium for Eastern luxury goods and Western raw material. The empire also protected its own industries, most notably of silk making, and it was renowned until the eleventh century for its stable gold and silver coinage. Some historians emphasize Byzantine trade and industry because there were advanced for the time and provided mostof the surplus wealth that supported the states. But the main economy for the Byzantine was the agriculture.
A very important point in this chapter is the religion of the Byzantine Empire who was the religion orthodoxy. Byzantine religious dissensions were very complicated because the emperors took an active role in them. The emperors were considered similar to God. Moreover, the Iconoclastswere those who wanted to prohibit the worship of icons. The Iconoclastic movement was initiated by the emperor Leo the Isaurian, and then directed with more energy by his son Constantine V. They believed that nothing created by human beings should be worshiped by them. Leo’s Iconoclastic policy may have been an attempt to answer one of Islam’s greatest criticisms of Christianity and thereby denyIslam of some of its appeal. This controversy was resolved in the ninth century by the return to the status quo, namely the worship of imagines, but the century of turmoil has more result. The religious art that survived today comes mostly from Italy or Palestine. Another consequence was the opening of a serious religious breach between east and west.
The religion dominated Byzantine life, but theirculture was important too. They based their education of classical Greek literature, and especially in Homer. They also studied intensively the philosophy of Plato and historical prose of Thucydides. Aristotle’s works were also known but were less interest. The bulk of classical Greek literature that we know today survives because was copied by Byzantine scribes. Besides, after this period ofIconoclastic between eastern and western Christians the relationships remain tenses. From the Byzantine point of view westerners were uncouth and ignorant, incapable of understanding the Greek language, whereas to western European eyes, the Byzantines were arrogant, effeminate, and prone to heresy.
In contrast to Byzantine history, which not has a beginning but clearly has an ending in 1453, the...