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the previous discussions has indicated that purchaser of land has constructive notice of matters in the public records only if they are in the chain of title.

Indeed, instruments which are recorded but are outside the chain of title may be treated as if they were not recorded at all

The term "chain of title" is a shorthand way of describing the collection of documents which one can find bythe use ordinary techniques of title search.

Hence, it can be understood only through comprehension of the way the records are indexed and searched.

Since the typical recorder's office may contain thousands of volumes and millions of documents, some form of index is essential so that searchers can locate instruments that affect the land whose title is being searched.


Thus the officecontains two types of volumes: index books and books which hold the actual copies of the legal instruments.

The latter are sometimes called "deed books", even though they include other types of documents, such as leases, mortgages, and releases in addition to deeds.

There are two dominant methods of indexing.

The oldest and most common is based on the names of the parties to eachinstrument.

Under this "name index" system, two separate alphabetical indexes are maintained: one by the names of the grantors or other persons against whom the document operates, and the other by the names of the grantees or other persons in whose favor it operates.

A separate set of these indexes is typically constructed each year, and they may be consolidated periodically into index bookscovering, say, 5-year or 10-year time spans.

A few counties employ computers to produce and regularly update a consolidated set of grantor and grantee indexes for the entire time covered by the records.


An alternative and far superior approach to indexing is the tract or parcel index, but is available in only handful of states.

States having tract indexes in all counties include Nebraska, NorthDakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota. New York hast a "block index" system.

Here a separate page or set of pages in the index books is devoted to each tract of land, such as a quarter-quarter section, a specific block in a subdivision, or even an individual parcel of land.


This page reflects the history of the tract's title from time of the original conveyance from the sovereign.

In bothname and tract index systems, the index books do not contain copies of the actual documents.

Instead, they merely give the names of the parties, the recording date, the book and page number of the deed book in which the full copy of each instrument is to be found, and sometimes a brief legal description of the land affected.

The searcher must jot down the book and page number and must then pulldown and open the relevant deed book to read the instrument itself.

In a name index system the search procedure is generally as follows.
los debates anteriores se ha indicado que comprador de la tierra tiene notificación implícita de los asuntos en los registros públicos sólo si se encuentran en la cadena del título.
En efecto, los instrumentos que se registran, pero están fuera de la cadenade título no podrán ser tratados como si no se registran en absoluto
El término "cadena de título" es una forma abreviada de describir la colección de documentos que se pueden encontrar por las técnicas de uso común de búsqueda de título.

Por lo tanto, sólo se puede entender a través de la comprensión de la forma en que se indexan los registros y búsquedas

Desde la oficina del registrotípico puede contener miles de volúmenes y millones de documentos, algún tipo de índice es esencial para que los buscadores puedan localizar los instrumentos que afectan a las tierras cuyo título está siendo buscado.

Así, la oficina tiene dos tipos de volúmenes: libros de índice y los libros que contienen las copias reales de los instrumentos jurídicos.

Estos últimos a veces son llamados...