calculo #2 impares

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C H A P T E R 2
Differentiation
Section 2.1

The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem . . . 53

Section 2.2

Basic Differentiation Rules and Rates of Change . 60

Section 2.3

The Product and Quotient Rules and
Higher-Order Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Section 2.4

The Chain Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Section 2.5

Implicit Differentiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Section 2.6

Related Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Review Exercises

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

C H A P T E R
Differentiation
Section 2.1

2

The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem

Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises1. (a) m ϭ 0

(c) y ϭ

3. (a), (b)

(b) m ϭ Ϫ3
y

f )4)
4

f )1)
)x
1

f )1)

1)

x

ϭ

1

y

f ͑4͒ Ϫ f ͑1͒
͑x Ϫ 1͒ ϩ f ͑1)
4Ϫ1
3
͑x Ϫ 1͒ ϩ 2
3

ϭ 1͑x Ϫ 1͒ ϩ 2

6

f )4)

5

ϭxϩ1

5
)4, 5)

4

f )4)

f )1)

3

3
2

f )1)
)1, 2)

2

1

x
1

5. f ͑x͒ ϭ 3 Ϫ 2x is a line. Slope ϭ Ϫ2

2

3

4

5

6

7. Slope at ͑1, Ϫ3͒ ϭlim

⌬x→0

g͑1 ϩ ⌬x͒ Ϫ g͑1͒
⌬x

͑1 ϩ ⌬x͒2 Ϫ 4 Ϫ ͑Ϫ3͒
⌬x→0
⌬x

ϭ lim

ϭ lim

⌬x→0

1 ϩ 2͑⌬x͒ ϩ ͑⌬x͒2 Ϫ 1
⌬x

ϭ lim ͓2 ϩ 2͑⌬x͔͒ ϭ 2
⌬x→0

9. Slope at ͑0, 0͒ ϭ lim

⌬t→0

f ͑0 ϩ ⌬t͒ Ϫ f ͑0͒
⌬t

3͑⌬t͒ Ϫ ͑⌬t͒2 Ϫ 0
⌬t→0
⌬t

ϭ lim

ϭ lim ͑3 Ϫ ⌬t͒ ϭ 3
⌬t→0

11. f ͑x͒ ϭ 3
fЈ ͑x͒ ϭ lim

⌬x→0

ϭ lim

⌬x→0

f ͑x ϩ ⌬x͒ Ϫ f ͑x͒
⌬x
3Ϫ3
⌬x

ϭ lim 0 ϭ 0
⌬x→013. f ͑x͒ ϭ Ϫ5x
fЈ͑x͒ ϭ lim

⌬x→0

ϭ lim

⌬x→0

15. h͑s͒ ϭ 3 ϩ
f ͑x ϩ ⌬x͒ Ϫ f ͑x͒
⌬x
Ϫ5͑x ϩ ⌬x͒ Ϫ ͑Ϫ5x͒
⌬x

ϭ lim Ϫ5 ϭ Ϫ5
⌬x→0

hЈ͑s͒ ϭ lim

2
s
3

⌬s→0

h͑s ϩ ⌬s͒ Ϫ h͑s͒
⌬s

΂

2
2
3 ϩ ͑s ϩ ⌬s͒ Ϫ 3 ϩ s
3
3
ϭ lim
⌬s→0
⌬s

΃

2
⌬s
3
2
ϭ
ϭ lim
⌬s→0 ⌬s
3

53

54

Chapter 2

Differentiation

17. f ͑x͒ ϭ 2x2 ϩ x Ϫ 1
f ͑x ϩ ⌬x͒ Ϫ f ͑x͒
⌬xfЈ͑x͒ ϭ lim

⌬x→0

ϭ lim

⌬x→0

͓2͑x ϩ ⌬x͒2 ϩ ͑x ϩ ⌬x͒ Ϫ 1͔ Ϫ ͓2x2 ϩ x Ϫ 1͔
⌬x

͑2x2 ϩ 4x⌬x ϩ 2͑⌬x͒2 ϩ x ϩ ⌬x Ϫ 1͒ Ϫ ͑2x2 ϩ x Ϫ 1͒
⌬x→0
⌬x

ϭ lim

4x⌬x ϩ 2͑⌬x͒2 ϩ ⌬x
ϭ lim ͑4x ϩ 2⌬x ϩ 1͒ ϭ 4x ϩ 1
⌬x→0
⌬x→0
⌬x

ϭ lim

19. f ͑x͒ ϭ x3 Ϫ 12x
f ͑x ϩ ⌬x͒ Ϫ f ͑x͒
⌬x

fЈ͑x͒ ϭ lim

⌬x→0

ϭ lim

⌬x→0

͓͑x ϩ ⌬x͒3 Ϫ 12͑x ϩ ⌬x͔͒ Ϫ ͓x3 Ϫ 12x͔
⌬x

x3 ϩ 3x2⌬x ϩ 3x͑⌬x͒2 ϩ͑⌬x͒3 Ϫ 12x Ϫ 12⌬x Ϫ x3 ϩ 12x
⌬x→0
⌬x

ϭ lim

3x2⌬x ϩ 3x͑⌬x͒2 ϩ ͑⌬x͒3 Ϫ 12⌬x
⌬x→0
⌬x

ϭ lim

ϭ lim ͑3x2 ϩ 3x⌬x ϩ ͑⌬x͒2 Ϫ 12͒ ϭ 3x2 Ϫ 12
⌬x→0

21. f ͑x͒ ϭ

1
xϪ1

fЈ͑x͒ ϭ lim

⌬x→0

f ͑x ϩ ⌬x͒ Ϫ f ͑x͒
⌬x

1
1
Ϫ
x ϩ ⌬x Ϫ 1 x Ϫ 1
ϭ lim
⌬x→0
⌬x
ϭ lim

͑x Ϫ 1͒ Ϫ ͑x ϩ ⌬x Ϫ 1͒
⌬x͑x ϩ ⌬x Ϫ 1͒͑x Ϫ 1͒

ϭ lim

Ϫ⌬x
⌬x͑x ϩ ⌬x Ϫ 1͒͑x Ϫ 1͒

ϭ lim

Ϫ1
͑x ϩ ⌬x Ϫ 1͒͑x Ϫ 1͒⌬x→0

⌬x→0

⌬x→0

ϭϪ

1
͑x Ϫ 1͒2

23. f ͑x͒ ϭ Ίx ϩ 1
fЈ͑x͒ ϭ lim

⌬x→0

ϭ lim

⌬x→0

ϭ lim

⌬x→0

ϭ lim

⌬x→0

ϭ

f ͑x ϩ ⌬x͒ Ϫ f ͑x͒
⌬x
Ίx ϩ ⌬x ϩ 1 Ϫ

⌬x

Ίx ϩ 1

и΂

͑x ϩ ⌬x ϩ 1͒ Ϫ ͑x ϩ 1͒

⌬x͓Ίx ϩ ⌬x ϩ 1 ϩ Ίx ϩ 1͔
1
Ίx ϩ ⌬x ϩ 1 ϩ Ίx ϩ 1

1
1
ϭ
Ίx ϩ 1 ϩ Ίx ϩ 1
2Ίx ϩ 1

Ίx ϩ ⌬x ϩ 1 ϩ Ίx ϩ 1
Ίx ϩ ⌬x ϩ 1 ϩ Ίx ϩ 1

΃

Section 2.1

25.(a) f ͑x͒ ϭ x2 ϩ 1
fЈ͑x͒ ϭ lim

⌬x→0

The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem

17. (b)

8

f ͑x ϩ ⌬x͒ Ϫ f ͑x͒
⌬x

(2, 5)
−5

͓͑x ϩ ⌬x͒2 ϩ 1͔ Ϫ ͓x2 ϩ 1͔
ϭ lim
⌬x→0
⌬x

5
−2

2x⌬x ϩ ͑⌬x͒2
⌬x→0
⌬x

ϭ lim

ϭ lim ͑2x ϩ ⌬x͒ ϭ 2x
⌬x→0

At ͑2, 5͒, the slope of the tangent line is
m ϭ 2͑2͒ ϭ 4. The equation of the tangent line is
y Ϫ 5 ϭ 4͑x Ϫ 2͒
y Ϫ 5 ϭ 4x Ϫ 8
y ϭ4x Ϫ 3.
27. (a) f ͑x͒ ϭ x3
fЈ͑x͒ ϭ lim

⌬x→0

18. (b)

10

(2, 8)

f ͑x ϩ ⌬x͒ Ϫ f ͑x͒
⌬x

−5

5

͑x ϩ ⌬x͒3 Ϫ x3
ϭ lim
⌬x→0
⌬x

−4

3x2⌬x ϩ 3x͑⌬x͒2 ϩ ͑⌬x͒3
⌬x→0
⌬x

ϭ lim

ϭ lim ͑3x2 ϩ 3x⌬x ϩ ͑⌬x͒2͒ ϭ 3x2
⌬x→0

At ͑2, 8͒, the slope of the tangent is m ϭ 3͑2͒2 ϭ 12.
The equation of the tangent line is
y Ϫ 8 ϭ 12͑x Ϫ 2͒
y ϭ 12x Ϫ 16.
29. (a) f ͑x͒ ϭ Ίx...
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