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Insulin

Insulin is a peptide hormone that functions in lowering blood glucose levels. Insulin has several activities that accomplish this goal, summarized below:
1.Insulin inhibits transcription of the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). PEPCK is a key enzyme in gluconeogenesis and transcription is the primary means of regulating it. By inhibitingPEPCK transcription, insulin can depress glucose production tremendously. (Conversely, the hormone glucagon, which increases blood glucose levels, stimulates PEPCK transcription.)
2. Insulin stimulatestranslocation of the glucose transporter protein from cytosol to the cell surface. Glucose transport protein carries out the facilitated transport of glucose.
3. Insulin stimulates phosphataseactivity which removes phosphates from molecules activated by the kinase cascade. Thus, insulin opposes the effects of glucagon and epinephrine.
Insulin also stimulates fatty acid biosynthesis as follows:1. Insulin favors entry of glucose into cells, which, in turn, favors production of NADPH via entry of glucose-6-phosphate into the pentose phosphate pathway.
2. Insulin activates the pyruvatedehydrogenase complex, which favors production of acetyl-CoA.
3. Insulin tends to reverse the effects of the kinase cascade, and stimulates dephosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which favorspolymerization of the enzyme in an active form.
Glucagon

Glucagon is a peptide hormone involved in increasing blood levels of glucose.
1. Glucagon acts to stimulate production of cAMP inside ofcells. It does this by binding to a specific receptor that, via interaction with a cell membrane G protein, stimulates the activity of the enzyme responsible for making cAMP, adenylate cyclase. cAMPacts as a "second messenger," conveying the signal from outside the cell to the inside and initiating the cell's response. Pathways affected by cAMP include glycogen metabolism, glycolysis, fatty acid...