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Graphics and design
Types graphics software
Computer graphics are pictures created, changed or processed by computers. There are two categories.
1. Bitmapped graphics represent images as bitmaps; they are stored as pixeles and can become a bit distorted when they are manipulated . The density of dots, known as the resolution and expressed in dots per inch, determines how sharp the image is.2. Vector graphics represent images as mathematical formulae, so they can be changed or scaled without losing quality; they are ideal for high-resolution output.
There are different types of graphics software.
- Image manipulation programs let you edit your favourite images. For example, you can scan a picture in to your PC or transfer a photo from your camera and then add different effects,or filters.
- Painting and drawing programs, also called illustration packages, offer facilities for freehand drawing, with a wide choice of pens and brushes, colours and patterns. One example is windows Paint.
- Business graphics programs, also called presentation software, let you create pie charts, bar charts and line graphs of all kinds for slide shows and reports. You can import data from adatabase or spreadsheet to generate the graphs.
-Computer-aided design(CAD) is used by engineers and architects to design everithing from cars and planes to building and furniture.Firts they make a wireframe, a drawing with edges and contour lines. Then if they want to colour the objectscand add texture, they create a surface for the object; this si called filling the surface. Finally, the designis rendered to make the object look realistic. Rendering is a process that adds realism to graphics by using shading, light sources and reflections.
-Desktop publishing (DTP) is based around a page layout program, which lets you import text from a word processor clip-art
(ready-made pictures) from graphics packages, and images from scanners or cameras, and arrange them all on a page. It is usedto desing and publish books, newspapers, posters advertisements, etc.
- Digital art, or computer art, is done with applets that use mathematical formulae to create beautiful brigth shapes called fractals. A fractal is a geometrical figure with special properties, the koch snowflake or the mandelbrot set. Fractals can also be used to model real objects like clouds, coastlines or lasndscapes.
-Computer animation uses graphics programs (cartooning systems) to create or edit moving pictures. Each image in a sequence of images is called a Frame .
- Geographic information system (GIS) allow cartographers to create
Capitulo 17
programación
La programación es el proceso de escribir un programa usando un lenguaje de programación. Un programa es un conjunto de instrucciones que unacomputadora utiliza para realizar una tarea específica (solución a un problema de matemáticas)
el único idioma que un PC puede ejecutar directamente es el código máquina, que consta de 1s y 0s. este lenguaje es difícil de escribir, así que usar lenguajes simbólicos que son más fáciles de entender. Por ejemplo, los lenguajes ensambladores usan abreviaturas se traduce a código máquina por un softwarellamado un ensamblador.
Código de máquina y lenguajes ensambladores se denominan lenguajes de bajo nivel, ya que están más cerca del hardware.
Lenguajes de alto nivel, sin embargo, están más cerca de los lenguajes humanos, que utilizan formas parecidas Inglés, lo que facilita la programación. El programa se traduce en código de máquina por un software llamado un compilador. Algunos ejemplos son:

-Fortran-utilizado para aplicaciones científicas y matemáticas.
- Cobol-popular para aplicaciones de negocios.
- Basic utiliza como lengua de enseñanza, Visual Basic, que ahora se utiliza para crear aplicaciones de Windows.
- C-utilizado para escribir el software del sistema, los gráficos y los programas comerciales
- Java diseñado para funcionar en la web, los applets de Java son pequeños...