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History Review
AUTHORITIES AND INSTITUTIONS OF NEW SPAIN
From Spain
Authorities | Functions |
King | Supreme authority of Spain and all the territories and colonies |
Council of Indies (Consejo de Indias) | Institution designed to administer the colonies and which exercised supreme authority over the Indies |
“Casa de contratación de Sevilla” | Institution designed that ruled commercebetween Spain and its colonies |

In New Spain
Authorities | Functions |
Viceroy | Governor of New Spain who represented the king of Spain. He was president of the royal audience and captain-general. |
Royal Audience | Tribunal comprising a president and oidores (judges). An advisory council to the viceroy that exercised legislative power and dealt with judicial affairs. Sometimes assumedgovernment as a governance tribunal |
Governors | Chiefs of one or more provinces |
Mayors | Authority in charge of administrative and judicial affairs over a certain number of cities |
“Corregidores” | Chiefs of governance districts called “corregimientos” |
Municipal Governments/ Town councils | Governance and exercise judicial authority over Spanish cities |
Municipal governments/Republica de Indios | Governance and exercise judicial authority over indigenous communities |

SOCIAL SCALE OF NEW SPAIN
(Peninsular Spaniards) European Born Spaniards: Held the best religious and administrative posts; had the political power
(Creoles) American Born Spaniards: Held minor administrative and religious posts; had greater economic power; treated as a second class Spaniard
(Mestizos)Both of Spanish father and indigenous mothers: Considered illegitimate and not accepted by any group; marginalization
(Indigenous People) Largest social group: Protected by many laws and considered as minors but also exploited by Spaniards; important workforce
African people sold into slavery in America: Valuable and expensive workforce in mines and plantations. The Portuguese controlled theslave route that started in Africa

PENINSULAR SPANIARDS

7%

Creoles

Mestizos 20%

Indigenous people 70%

Black people 3%

* 3 races originate the population of New Spain: indigenous, Spanish and African
* Society was divided according to the racial origin of people so there was no opportunity for social mobility
* Mixes between the 3 races appeared since the early yearsof the colony but marriages between them was forbidden
* The system of “castas” classified these mixed race population and mestizos were on the top
* Women had no rights or education
THE ECONOMY OF NEW SPAIN
The main difference between encomienda and repartiOporto, Arsenal, Milan, Shakhtar y Galatasaray, posibles rivales del Barça en octavos de la Championsmiento is that:
* Inrepartimiento you work for money and in encomienda you work for house, food, etc
Crops produced in
Interior: wheat, squash and barley
Coastal areas: cacao, sugarcane, cotton, vanilla, and indigo
The Spaniards improved their agricultural production by using crop rotation and introducing animals to work in agriculture
The main commercial ports of
New Spain: Acapulco and Veracruz
Spain: SevillaThe Asian products transported by Nao of China were porcelain and jewels (pearls), silk, Chinese pottery, furniture, spices
The route of the Asian products started in Manila Philippines then to Acapulco then to Veracruz and then to Sevilla
“Casa de contratación de Sevilla” was an institution that controlled the commercial activities and traffic between Spain and its colonies
The items that weremonopolized by the Spanish crown were: grape, wine, silk, tobacco, olive oil
The main product of mining was silver
Important mining centers in New Spain were: Guanajuato, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, Pachuca, Taxco, and Durango
The Spanish crown was in charge of the exploitation of mines
The 2 techniques for silver exploitation were:
* Amalgamation with mercury
* Refination by the...