Espectroscopia

Organic Chemistry Online
Spectroscopy Supplement

Practical Spectroscopy
The Rapid Interpretation of Spectral Data

Paul R. Young
Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago

Contents
Chapter 1 Molecular Formulas and Degrees of Unsaturation ........................................................ 1 Calculating Degrees of Unsaturation from the Molecular Formula......................................... 2 Chapter 2 Mass Spectrometry .............................................................................................................. 7 Fragmentation Patterns of Common Functional Groups ................................................. 10 Aliphatic Compounds......................................................................................................... 10 Alcohols and Phenols .......................................................................................................... 12 Aldehydes and Ketones ...................................................................................................... 14 Alkenes and Alkynes ........................................................................................................... 17Amines ................................................................................................................................... 18 Aromatic Hydrocarbons ..................................................................................................... 20 Carboxylate Esters and Carboxylic Acids ........................................................................ 21 Ethers..................................................................................................................................... 23 Nitriles and Amides ............................................................................................................. 24 Other Techniques for Ionization ........................................................................................... 25 FieldIonization .................................................................................................................... 25 Chemical Ionization ............................................................................................................. 26 Summary of Useful Information ........................................................................................... 26 Chapter 3Infrared Spectroscopy ....................................................................................................... 29 Obtaining Infrared Spectra .................................................................................................... 29 Symmetry Considerations in Infrared Spectroscopy ........................................................ 30 Infrared Spectroscopy and the OrganicChemist ............................................................... 32 The Interpretation of Infrared Spectra ................................................................................. 32 Region 1: the O-H and N-H Stretch .................................................................................. 32 Region 2: the sp and sp2 C-H Stretch................................................................................ 34 Region 3: the sp3 C-H Stretch ............................................................................................. 35 Region 4: the Aldehyde sp2 C-H Stretch .......................................................................... 35 Region 5: the Nitrile C≡N and Alkyne C≡C Stretch ....................................................... 36 Region6: the Carbonyl C=O Stretch ................................................................................ 36 Region 7: the C=C Stretch .................................................................................................. 38 Region 8: the Fingerprint Region ....................................................................................... 39 Chapter 4 Nuclear Magnetic...