Gran Colombia

ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICTS

From 1956, 1967
From 1949 to 1956 the armed truce between Israel and the Arabs, enforced in part by the UN forces, was broken several times.
Among the world powers, the United States, Great Britain, and France sided with Israel, while the Soviet Union supported Arab demands.
*Tensions mounted in 1956 w/ the nationalization of The Suez Canal by General Nasser, asIsrael, ---*UK and France planned an invasion into Egypt to recover the control over the canal.
*On Oct. 29, 1956, Israeli forces, combined air and ground assault into Egypt's Sinai Peninsula.
*Early Israeli successes were reinforced by an Anglo-French invasion along the canal. Although the action against Egypt was severely condemned by the nations of the world.
* The cease-fire of Nov. 6, which waspromoted by the United Nations with U.S. and Soviet support, came only after Israel had captured several key objectives, including the Gaza strip and Sharm el Sheikh, which commanded the approaches to the Gulf of Aqaba.
*In 1957 Israel withdrew from the taken positions and gave them back to the UN emergency force, but this was only possible when Israel ensured its possible access to the IndianOcean through the Gulf of Aqaba.

1967 The Six Day War
1. After a period of relative calm, border incidents between Israel and Syria, Egypt, and Jordan increased during the early 1960s, with Palestinian guerrilla groups actively supported by Syria.
2. In May, 1967, President Nasser, requested the withdrawal of UN forces from Egyptian territory, mobilized units in the Sinai, and closed the Gulfof Aqaba to Israel. Israel (which had no UN forces stationed on its territory) responded by mobilizing.
3. The escalation of threats and provocations continued until June 5, 1967, when Israel launched a massive air assault that crippled (Cause severe and disabling damage) Arab air capability.
4. With Israeli superiority controlled the Sinai Peninsula within three days and then concentrated onthe Jordanian frontier, capturing Jerusalem's Old City (subsequently annexed), and on the Syrian border, gaining the strategic Golan Heights. The war, which ended on June 10, is known as the Six-Day War.

The 1973–74 War (The Yom Kippur War)
1. During 1973 the Arab states, believing that their complaints against Israel were going unheeded disregarded despite the mounting use by the Arabs ofthreats to cut off oil supplies in an attempt to soften the pro-Israel stance of the United States), quietly prepared for war, led by Egypt's President Anwar Sadat.
2. On Oct. 6, 1973, the Jewish holy day Yom Kippur, a two-pronged assault on Israel was launched.
3. Egyptian forces struck eastward across the Suez Canal and pushed the Israelis back, while the Syrians advanced from the north. Iraqiforces joined the war and, in addition, Syria received some support from Jordan, Libya, and the smaller Arab states.
4. The attacks caught Israel off guard, however, they forced the Syrians and Egyptians back and, in the last hours of the war, established a salient on the west bank of the Suez Canal.
5. Through U.S. and Soviet diplomatic pressures and the efforts of the United Nations, atenuous cease-fire was implemented by Oct. 25. Israel and Egypt signed a cease-fire agreement in November, but Israeli-Syrian fighting continued until a cease-fire was negotiated in 1974.
6. Largely as a result of the diplomatic efforts of U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, Israel withdrew back across the Suez Canal and several miles inland from the east bank behind a UN-supervisedcease-fire zone. On the Syrian front too, Israeli territorial gains made in the war were given up.
7. The 1973–74 War brought about a major shift of power in the Middle East and ultimately led to the signing of the Camp David accords.


ARAB-ISRAELI AGREEMENTS
CAMP DAVID ACCORDS
1. Historic peace accords forged in 1978 between Israel and Egypt at the U.S. presidential retreat at Camp David, Md....