Hawaiian Pidgin

HAWAIIAN PIDGIN
Is a Creole language based in part on English used by many "local" residents of Hawaii. Although English and Hawaiian are the co-official languages of the state of Hawaii, Pidgin is used by many Hawaii residents in everyday conversation and is often used in advertising toward Hawaii residents. The new ISO 639-3 language code for Hawaii Pidgin (Hawaii Creole English) is hwc. Inthe Hawaiian language, "Hawaiian Creole English" is called "ʻōlelo paʻi ʻai," which literally means "pounding-taro language."
HISTORY
Pidgin (or Hawaii Creole) originated as a form of communication used between English speaking residents and non-English speaking immigrants in Hawaii. It supplanted the pidgin Hawaiian used on the plantations and elsewhere in Hawaii. It has been influenced by manylanguages, including Portuguese, Hawaiian, and Cantonese. As people of other language backgrounds were brought in to work on the plantations, such as Japanese, Filipinos, and Koreans, Pidgin acquired words from these languages. Japanese loanwords in Hawaii lists some of those words originally from Japanese. It has also been influenced to a lesser degree by Spanish spoken by Mexican and PuertoRican settlers in Hawaii. Even today, Pidgin retains some influences from these languages. For example, the word "stay" in Pidgin has a form and use similar to the Portuguese or Spanish verb "estar", which means "to be" but is used when referring to a temporary state or location.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, Pidgin started to be used outside the plantation between ethnic groups. Public schoolchildren learned Pidgin from their classmates, and eventually it became the primary language of most people in Hawaii, replacing the original languages. For this reason, linguists generally consider Hawaiian Pidgin to be a Creole language.

PRONUNCIATION
Pidgin has distinct pronunciation differences from standard American English (SAE). Some key differences include the following:
* The voicedand unvoiced th sounds are replaced by d or t respectively—that is, changed from a fricative to a plosive (stop). For instance, that (voiced th) becomes dat, and think (unvoiced th) becomes tink.
* The sound l at the end of a word is often pronounced o or ol. For instance, mental is often pronounced mento; people is pronounced peepo.
* Pidgin is non-rhotic. That is, r after a vowel is oftenomitted, similar to many dialects, such as Eastern New England, Australian English, and English English variants. For instance, car is often pronounced cah, and letter is pronounced letta. Intrusive r is also used. The number of Hawaiian Pidgin speakers with rhotic English has also been increasing.
* Falling intonation is used at the end of questions. This feature appears to be from Hawaiian,and is shared with some other languages, including Fijian and Samoan.
GRAMMATICAL FEATURES
Pidgin also has distinct grammatical forms not found in SAE, but some of which are shared with other dialectal forms of English or may derive from other linguistic influences.
Forms used for SAE "to be":
* Generally, forms of English "to be" (i.e. the copula) are omitted when referring to inherentqualities of an object or person, forming in essence a stative verb form. Additionally, inverted sentence order may be used for emphasis. (Many East Asian languages use stative verbs instead of the copula-adjective construction of English and other Western languages.)
Da baby cute. (or) Cute, da baby.
The baby is cute.
Note that these constructions also mimic the grammar of the Hawaiian language.In Hawaiian, "nani ka pēpē" or "kiuke ka pēpē" is literally "cute, the baby" and is perfectly correct Hawaiian grammar meaning in English: "The baby is cute."
* When the verb "to be" refers to a temporary state or location, the word stay is used (see above). This may be influenced by other Pacific creoles, which use the word stap, from stop, to denote a temporary state or location. In fact,...