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CLONING AND GENETIC MANIPULATION
Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of an original. A clone in the biological sense, therefore, is a multi-cellular organism that is geneticallyidentical to another living organism. Sometimes this can refer to "natural" clones made when an organism reproduces asexually, but in common parlance the clone is an identical copy by some consciousdesign.
Cloning an organism means to create a new organism with the same genetic information as an existing one. This can be done by somatic cell nuclear transfer in which the nucleus is removed from anegg cell and replaced with a nucleus extracted from a cell of the organism to be cloned (currently, both the egg cell and its transplanted nucleus must be from the same species). As the nucleuscontains (almost) all of the genetic information of a lifeform, the "host" egg cell will develop into an organism genetically identical to the nucleus "donor".
Human cloning is a subject of greatcontroversy regarding its ethical and practical consequences. A number of groups have made claims that they are working on or have already produced human clones. None of these claims has been independentlyconfirmed. For more on these issues, see the article human cloning.
Genetic Engineering, Genetic Modification (GM), and Gene Splicing (once in widespread use but now depricated) describe the processof manipulating genes in an animal or plant, outside of the organism's normal reproductive process.
It often involves the isolation, manipulation and reintroduction of DNA into model organisms,usually to express a protein. The aim is to produce new species, increase the yield of an existing species, or to design new organisms. Examples are the production of human insulin through the use ofmodified bacteria and the production of new types of mice like the OncoMouse (cancer mouse) through genetic redesign.
The best known applications of genetic engineering are genetically modified...