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The Occupational Ergonomics Handbook
Second Edition

fUNDAMENTALS AND ASSESSMENT TOOLS FOR OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS

The Occupational Ergonomics Handbook
Second Edition

fUNDAMENTALS AND ASSESSMENT TOOLS FOR OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS INTERVENTIONS, CONTROLS, AND APPLICATIONS IN OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS

The Occupational Ergonomics Handbook
Second Edition

fUNDAMENTALS AND ASSESSMENTTOOLS FOR OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS
Edited by

William S. Marras
The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.

Waldemar Karwowski
University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A.

Published in 2006 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & FrancisGroup No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-1937-4 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-1937-2 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2005050633 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprintedmaterial is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any formby any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the CopyrightClearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are usedonly for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fundamentals and assessment tools / [edited by] W.S. Marras and W. Karwowski.-- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-1937-4 1. Human engineering--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Industrial hygiene--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Marras, William S.(William Steven), date. II. Karwowski, Waldemar, date. TA166.O258 2005 620.8'2--dc22

2005050633

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Preface

Development of the 2nd edition of the Occupational Ergonomics handbook was motivated by ourdesire to facilitate a wide application of ergonomics knowledge to work systems design, testing, and evaluation in order to improve the quality of life for millions of workers around the world. Ergonomics (or human factors) is defined by the International Ergonomics Association (www.iea.cc) as the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements ofa system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data, and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. Ergonomists contribute to the design and evaluation of tasks, jobs, products, environments, and systems in order to make them compatible with the needs, abilities, and limitations of people. The ergonomics discipline promotes a holistic...