Ingles

1)CLAUSES:
A)CAUSALES:
because: porque no suele estar al principio –he did it because he wanted to
as: ya que, como , puesto que(al principio o después de la or principal)
as he didn`t know the number, he asked me (como no sabia…)
since:ya que, como, puesto que since you are going out, you could…(ya k sales podrias..)
because of: a pesar de que -i didn´t go out because of the bad weatherdue to: a pesar de que –she didn´t arrive in time due to missing th bus
owing to: a pesar de que –i stayed in owing to the fact that it was very cold
CONSECUTIVAS: consecuencia
so: por eso , asi pues, asi que –the car broke down so we had to walk
therefore: luego, por tanto, en consecuencia –the house is small, therefore he can´tinvite lots
of people
as a result: lo mismo que losanteriores
as a consequence: “ “ “
consequently:” “ “
so…that…: tan…que con adjetivos y adverbios – he was so drunk that he fell over
such…that…: tan…que con sustantivos precedidos o no adjetivos -they are such noisy children
that their mother is very stressed
CONTRASTE: seguidos de una oración completa:
although: aunque –although she passed, she isn´t happy
though: aunque –(puede ir alfinal tmbn) - she isn´t happy though
even though: aun cuando
while: aun cuando/ si bien – while the problema seems serious, there must be a solution
whereas: mientras que –she dances very well whereas she´s really bad at singing
however: sin embargo –he studies a lot, however, he doesn`t get good marks
nevertheless: sin embargo –he studies a lot, nevertheless, he doesn´t get good marksyet: sin embargo – he studies a lot, yet, he doesn´t get good marks
on the one hand… on the other hand… : por un lado… por otro lado
SEGUIDOS DE UN GRUPO NOMIANAL/GERUNDIO/THA FACT THAT+ORACION
in spite of: a pesar de –in spite of the bad weather
despite: a pesar de –despite being late, we weren´t punishedn
FINALES:propósito de finalidad de una acción
-si el sujeto de la oración subordinadaes el mismo que el de la principal
in order to: para –in order to get information, I use the internet
so as to: para –we´ll attack from behind so as to surprise them
to: para –I live to work
-si el sujeto de la oración subordinada es distinto del de la principal
so that + sujeto + verbo modal + infinitivo (para que)
VERBOS MODALES: will/can : presente o futuro
would/could : pasado
-hespoke quietly so that no one could hear him
- i´ll go later so that I can finish what i´m doing
for + gerundio (referirse a funciones de algo)
-a pen is used for writing

relative clauses: unir dos ideas
siempre va entre comas, despues del sustantivo del que explican algo
cuando en la subordinada hay un verbo con preposicion, debe mantenerse pegada al verbo
conectores: who/whom:antecedente=persona (sujeto/cd/ci)
which: antecedente=animal/objeto(suj/cd/ci)
where : un lugar (ccl)
when: tiempo (cct)
whose: posesion del antecedente

Passive Voice
1)Simple Present: 
-He paints a picture: a picture is painted by him 
-They build a house: a house is built by them
-You write a book: a book is written by you
2)Simple Past: 
-He painted a picture: a picture was painted by him -They built a house: a house was built by them 
-You wrote some book: some book were written by you 
3)Simple Future: 
-He will paint a picture: a picture will be painted by him 
-They will build a house: a house will be built by them 
-You will write a book : a book will be written by you
4)Progressive future: 
-He is going to paint a picture: a picture is going to be painted by him-They are going to build a house: a house is going to be built by them.
-You are going to write a book: A book is going to be written by you.
5)Present Perfect: 
-He has painted a picture: a picture has been painted by him 
-They have built a house: a house has been built by them
-You have written a book: a book has been written by you 
6)Past Perfect: 
-He had painted a picture: a picture...