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Compound trace fossils formed by plant and animal interactions: Quaternary of northern New Zealand and Sapelo Island, Georgia (USA)
MURRAY R. GREGORY, ANTHONY J. MARTIN & KATHLEEN A. CAMPBELL

Gregory, M.R., Martin, A.J. & Campbell, K.A. 2004 87 104: Compound trace fossils formed by plant and animal interactions: Quaternary of northern New Zealand and Sapelo Island, Georgia (USA). Fossils andStrata, No. 51, pp. 88–105. New Zealand. ISSN 0300-9491. Quaternary coastal-terrestrial deposits from Aupouri and Karikari Peninsulas, northern North Island (New Zealand), and from Sapelo Island, Georgia (USA), reveal sedimentary structures produced by plant roots that provided habitats suitable for root-sucking, deposit-feeding, burrowing, brooding and other terrestrial invertebrate activities.The structures are typically large (2 m in length, with widths from a few to >45 cm), and consist of white sand-filled tubes that are circular to subcircular in cross-section, and cylindrical to downwardly tapering in longitudinal view. Dark brown (humic and ferruginous) haloes demarcate the white sand fill. These structures open upwards, often connecting into overlying palaeosols, and are inferredto reflect the root architecture of several large forest trees that are morphologically comparable with those of some modern conifers, e.g. kauri (Agathis australis) in New Zealand and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) in Sapelo Island. The white sand cores of these structures are a passive fill originating from a podzolised horizon, and/or from drifting aeolian sands. The root structures weretemporarily open to the Quaternary surface and represent cavities remaining after tree death and/or toppling. The yellowish host sands are frequently mottled by trace fossils, as are boundaries between outer dark brown haloes and inner white sand fill to the root structures. Many of these traces are small, of simple form, and cannot readily be ascribed to any ichnotaxon. Meniscate burrows (Taenidium) thathave been identified from both localities were probably produced by cicada nymphs. The moist and sheltered tree root-protected environment persisted for some time after tree death and was a desirable microhabitat for a number of invertebrates. Around the margins of these root casts, trace fossils and tiering fabrics may cross one another irregularly, develop oblique to primary bedding surfaces,or can even be inverted. Such stratigraphically disjunct relationships could be misleading in structural and palaeoenvironmental assessment of older or tectonically deformed strata that include palaeosols. These observations add an additional dimension to reconstructions of ancient forest cover and terrestrial continental environments. Key words: Continental trace fossils; root-insect interactions;compound/complex traces; Quaternary; New Zealand; Sapelo Island. Murray R. Gregory [m.gregory@auckland.ac.nz] & Kathleen A. Campbell [ka.campbell@ auckland.ac.nz], Department of Geology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand Anthony J. Martin [geoam@learnlink.emory.edu], Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA

IntroductionThe casts and moulds of tree trunks, stumps and rooting structures are common in coal measures, continental terrestrial deposits, and marginal-marine sequences. Often they are associated with palaeosols. From the mid-1800s onwards, these occurrences were identified and reported on the basis of botanical taxonomic criteria. For instance,

the well-known Carboniferous “form genera” Stigmaria andLepidodendron were quickly accepted as casts and moulds of the roots and trunks, respectively, of a treesized plant (e.g. Brown 1848). More recent examples are identifications of rooting structures belonging to the palm family in the Pliocene of southern Baja California, Mexico (Fischer & Olivier 1996) and in Quaternary sands from northern New Zealand (Gregory & Campbell 2003).

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