Biomecanica

Kai-Uwe Schmitt · Peter F. Niederer Markus H. Muser · Felix Walz Trauma Biomechanics

Kai-Uwe Schmitt · Peter F. Niederer Markus H. Muser · Felix Walz

TraumaBiomechanics
Accidental injury in traffic and sports
Second Edition

With 88 Figures and 30 Tables

123

PD Dr. sc. techn. Kai-Uwe Schmitt Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Peter F. Niederer Dr. sc. techn. Markus H. Muser Prof. Dr. med.Felix Walz
University and ETH Zurich Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETZ F90 Gloriastraße 35 8092 Zurich Switzerland schmitt@ethz.ch

Library of Congress Control Number: 2007931452

ISBN 978-3-540-73872-5 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
ISBN 978-3-540-22299-6 1. Auflage Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
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Preface

Everyday, more than 140’000 people are injured, 3000 killed, and 15’000 disabled for life everyday on the world's roads. Likewise, sportsrelated injuries are numerous and have a significant socio-economic impact. The field of trauma biomechanics, or injury biomechanics, uses the principles of mechanics to study the response and tolerance level of biological tissues under extreme loading conditions. Through an understanding of mechanical factors that influence the function and structure of human tissues, countermeasures can bedeveloped to alleviate or even eliminate such injuries. This book, Trauma-Biomechanics, surveys a wide variety of topics in injury biomechanics including anatomy, injury classification, injury mechanism, and injury criteria. It is the first collection I am aware of that lists regional injury reference values, or injury criterion, either currently in use or proposed by both U.S. and Europeancommunities. Although the book is meant to be an introduction for medical doctors and engineers who are beginners in the field of injury biomechanics, sufficient references are provided for those who wish to conduct further research, and even established researchers will find it useful as a reference for finding the biomechanical background of each proposed injury mechanism and injury criterion. As morepeople become aware of and understand this subject, it will someday lead to better mitigation and prevention of automotive adn sports related injuries. I like this book very much and believe that you will find the same. King H. Yang Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering Director of Bioengineering Center Wayne State University

Acknowledgements

The authors aregratefully indebted to their friends and colleagues, who assisted in the development of this book through their scientific work, comments and discussions. Furthermore we would like to thank the members of the board of the International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury (IRCOBI) for their support. Kai-Uwe Schmitt, Peter Niederer, Markus Muser, Felix Walz

Contents

1 Introduction...