Bionica - Ingles

Bionics
I. What are bionics
“Bionics (also known as biomimicry, biomimetics, bio-inspiration, biognosis, and
close to bionical creativity engineering) is the application of biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology.” (Bionics, Wikipedia) The etymology of bionics is: from bi, as in “life”, plus onics as in“electronics”, which comes to be the study of mechanical systems that function like living organisms or parts of living organisms. (Fishman)
A. History of bionics
Bionics may seem as if it was only a very recent science area, but the reality is
that it has been in humans’ lives for many decades or even centuries. “What began as crude, poorly designed mimicry has grown into an exciting fieldcomprised of incredibly high- tech discoveries.” This is because bionics is not only electronics is mainly a way of using othe technologies to make a living thing more efficient in every possible aspect.
1. Historical events in bionics
According to the web page TCEB
a. 1859 - Charles Darwin publishes 'On the Origin of Species,' a landmark work on the theory of evolution.
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b.1945 - The first kidney dialysis machine is developed by Willen J. Kolff.
c. 1950 - Alan Turing invents the Turing test, which analyzes a machine's ability to partake in human-like conversation.
d. 1953- The double-helix structure of DNA is uncovered by scientists James Watson and Francis Crick.
e. 1958- The term 'bionics' is coined by Jack Steele, a medical doctor and Air Force colonel.f. 1958- The first fully implantable artificial pacemaker was inserted into a human patient at the Karolinska University Hospital in Sweden. The implant stopped working after only three hours.
g. 1961- The MH-1, a computer-operated mechanical hand, is developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
h. 1962- John Charnley creates high-density polythene, which is eventually used inartificial hip joints.
i. 1971 - The world's first soft contact lens is introduced by Bausch & Lomb.
j. 1978 - A deaf Australian citizen is the first recipient of a multi-channel cochlear implant, which stimulates the cochlea and allows the ability to hear.
k. 1981- The Magnetic Resonance Imaging scanner (or MRI) becomes commercially available.
l. 1987 - A deep-brain electrical stimulationsystem is implanted in a patient with advanced Parkinson's disease.
m. 1987 - Lasik eye surgery is performed for the first time on a human being.
n. 1992 - The Center for Ethical Bionics is founded by Dr. Steven Caldwell in San Francisco, California.
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o. 1996 - Scottish researchers clone the first mammal, a sheep named Dolly.
p. 1997 - Deep Blue, a computerized chess machine,beats world chess champion Garry Kasparov.
q. 1999 - Sony introduces AIBO, the first artificially intelligent pet. It is able to walk, see and comprehend spoken commands.
r. 2000 - The first Artificial Silicon Retina (or ASR) is implanted in a human eye. These artificial retinas are made from silicon microchips containing thousands of microscopic light-converting cells.
s. 2001 - JesseSullivan, an electrician whose arms were amputated following an accident, receives a fully robotic arm developed by the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago. A nerve-muscle graft allows him to move the limb by power of thought.
t. 2005 - The Human Genome Project effectively maps and sequences all of the approximately 30,000 genes found in the human species.
u. 2006 - The first Bionic AssessmentTests begin appearing on the Internet.

A. Development of bionics
Bionics have developed into many things such as engineering, and an example of this is robots that simulate human bodies. Constantly there are robots being manufactured with very strong capacities to do many human like activities. Such robots are able to move like normal human muscles would, grab things, support...