Biotecnologia

Fundamentals of Pharmacology
• Pharmacokinetics
– Administration – Absorption – Distribution – Metabolism – Excretion

• Pharmacodynamics
– Dose response – Receptor activation
• Efficacy •Toxicity

Routes of Administration
• Enteral
– Oral, rectal and sublingual

• Parenteral
– IV, IM, Sub Q

• Other
– Transdermal – Topical – Inhalation – Intranasal

Oral Administration
•Advantages
– Ease of use – Outpatient care – Lower cost

• Disadvantages
– Most complicated path – Most variable response • Effect of food in the stomach • Effect of gastric PH • First pass effect •Biotransformation in the liver/G.I.T.

The First Pass Effect

Absorption and First Pass Effect

Han van de Waterbeemd & Eric Gifford (2003)

Rectal Administration
• Advantages
– – – – –– Relative ease of use? Outpatient care Relatively low cost No effect of pH No effect of food Tolerability

• Disadvantages
– (Less) complicated path – (Less) variable response • (Less) first passeffect • Some of administered drug will be subject to biotransformation in the liver

The First Pass Effect

Sublingual Administration
• Advantages
– Relative ease of use – Outpatient care –Rapid onset of action – Bypasses stomach and intestine – No first pass effect

• Disadvantages
– More expensive – Taste – Limited available formulations

Parenteral Administration – IV (IA)
•Advantages
– Bypasses stomach and intestine – No first pass effect – Control of dose of drug delivered to the body – Rapid onset of action

• Disadvantages
– Invasive
• Pain, infection etc

– Moreexpensive – Unintentional overdosing – Inpatient /supervised care

Parenteral Administration – IM
• Advantages
– Bypasses stomach intestine and liver – Aqueous solution
• Fast onset of action• Disadvantages
– Invasive
• Pain, infection etc

– More expensive – Does require absorption

– Non aqueous solution
• Depot preparation • Slow + sustained response • Neuroleptics,...