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Julius Caesar: Julius Caesar, a nephew of Marius, gained popularity during the First Triumvirate. After Sulla death, Caesar returned to Rome, and by means of spellbinding oratory and much spending of money, built a huge following among the poor citizens of Rome. He joined forces with two popular generals, Gaius Pompey and Licinius Crassus and the three formed a political alliance that becameknown as the First Triumvirate. Caesar felt that he could not win power without a loyal army, so he obtains a special command in Gaul, a region in what is today France. In 46 B.C. Caesar returned to Rome, where two years later the Senate declared him dictator for life. He granted citizenship to many people in the provinces and gave land to veterans and grain to the poor. On the Ideas of March (March15), 44 B.C., the conspirators stabbed Caesar to the death in the Senate.
Marc Antony: While Octavian was in Greece, Marc Antony, a general and an ally of Caesar’s, drove out the conspirators and took control in Rome. Octavian and Marc Antony along with Lepidus, Caesar’s second in command then formed the Second Triumvirate in 43 B.C. Marc Antony led an army east and reconquered Asia Minor fromthe armies of Brutus and Cassius. Then, having formed a liaison with Cleopatra, he joined her in Egypt. Antony and Octavian divided the Roman world; Antony took the east and Octavian the west. Octavian captured Alexandria. Seeing Antony and Cleopatra could not escape, they committed suicide.
Octavian: Although Caesar had chosen his 18 years old grand nephew, Octavian as his heir, a scramble forpower erupted after Caesar’s death. Octavian and Marc Antony along with Lepidus, Caesar’s second in command then formed the Second Triumvirate in 43 B.C. Meanwhile, Octavian forced Lepidus to retire from political life and built up his own power in Italy. Antony and Octavian divided the Roman world; Antony took the east and Octavian the west. However, Octavian persuades the Senate to declare war onAntony and Cleopatra. In 31 B.C., in a naval war on Actium in Greece, Octavian defeats their fleet. Octavian captured Alexandria. Seeing Antony and Cleopatra could not escape, they committed suicide. The wars had finally ended but so had the republic.
Marcus Aurelius: After the uneventful reign of Antonius Pius, Marcus Aurelius, the last of the Good Emperors, began his reign in A.D. 161. A welleducated man who prederred studying Stoic philosophy to fighting wars, he nevertheless hat to defend the empire against invaders from the north and the east. These invaders would play a key role in the future of the empire.
Lucius Cornelius Sulla: Lucius Sulla, better known as Sulla, was Roman military leader and dictator born in 138 B.C. Was elected to consulship in 88 B.C., and after his termexpired, his enemies, led by Gaius Marius, prevented him from taking military command, because that would have brought him fame and fortune. As a response, Sulla, leading his own-recruited army, marched into Rome, violating the most sacred Roman law. In the civil war between him and his opposers, he obtained victory, and executed all those who opposed his reign. He began his reign as a dictator in82 B.C., and carried out a reform program aimed to restore the Senate’s power. He also gave his power to the Senate, (which he enlarged to 300 members). Finally, in 79 B.C., he retired from his charge, and died peacefully in his farm.
Gaius Pompey: Gaius Pompey, better known as Pompey, was a Roman military and Political leader of the Roman Republic, born in 106 B.C. He, altogether with LiciniusCrassus and Julius Caesar, formed the political alliance known as the First Triumvirate.He helped Caesar became Consul in 59 B.C., which gave Caesar power and fame. After Crassus’s death, he became jealous of Caesar’s rising power, so he joined Caesar’s opposers, and was named sole Consul in 52 B.C. When Caesar marched to Rome with his legions, he fought against Pompey and his allies, and this...