Distributed Systems

This page intentionally left blank

DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
Concepts and Design
Fifth Edition

This page intentionally left blank

DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
Concepts and Design
Fifth Edition

George Coulouris
Cambridge University

Jean Dollimore
formerly of Queen Mary, University of London

Tim Kindberg
matter 2 media

Gordon Blair
Lancaster University

Editorial Director:Editor-in-Chief: Executive Editor: Editorial Assistant: Vice President, Marketing: Marketing Manager: Marketing Coordinator: Vice President, Production: Managing Editor: Senior Production Project Manager: Senior Operations Supervisor: Manufacturing Buyer: Art Director: Cover Designer: Cover Image:

Marcia Horton Michael Hirsch Matt Goldstein Chelsea Bell Patrice Jones Yezan Alayan Kathryn FerrantiVince O’Brien Jeff Holcomb Marilyn Lloyd Alan Fischer Lisa McDowell Jayne Conte Suzanne Duda Sky: © amygdala_imagery; Kite: © Alamy; Mobile phone: © yasinguneysu/iStock Media Editor: Daniel Sandin Media Project Manager: Wanda Rockwell Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color Typesetting and layout by the authors using FrameMaker

Copyright © 2012, 2005, 2001, 1994,1988 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. Toobtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 501 Boylston Street, Suite 900, Boston, Massachusetts 02116. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademarkclaim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data available upon request

Impression 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1—EB—15 14 13 12 11

ISBN 10: 0-13-214301-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-214301-1

CONTENTS
PREFACE 1 CHARACTERIZATION OF DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Introduction Examples of distributed systems Trends indistributed systems Focus on resource sharing Challenges Case study: The World Wide Web Summary XI

1 2 3 8 14 16 26 33

2

SYSTEM MODELS
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Introduction Physical models Architectural models Fundamental models Summary

37 38 39 40 61 76

3

NETWORKING AND INTERNETWORKING
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Introduction Types of network Network principles Internet protocols Casestudies: Ethernet, WiFi and Bluetooth Summary

81 82 86 89 106 128 141 V

VI

CONTENTS

4

INTERPROCESS COMMUNICATION
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Introduction The API for the Internet protocols External data representation and marshalling Multicast communication Network virtualization: Overlay networks Case study: MPI Summary

145 146 147 158 169 174 178 181

5

REMOTE INVOCATION5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Introduction Request-reply protocols Remote procedure call Remote method invocation Case study: Java RMI Summary

185 186 187 195 204 217 225

6

INDIRECT COMMUNICATION
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Introduction Group communication Publish-subscribe systems Message queues Shared memory approaches Summary

229 230 232 242 254 262 274

7

OPERATING SYSTEM SUPPORT
7.17.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Introduction The operating system layer Protection Processes and threads Communication and invocation Operating system architecture Virtualization at the operating system level Summary

279 280 281 284 286 303 314 318 331

CONTENTS

VII 335 336 337 340 358 364 378

8

DISTRIBUTED OBJECTS AND COMPONENTS
8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Introduction Distributed...