Ensayo

DIABETES OF CHILDREN.
Sources of Dietary Fiber and the Association of Fiber Intake with Childhood Obesity Risk (in 2-18 Year Olds) and Diabetes Risk of Adolescents 12-18 Year Olds: NHANES 2003-2006.
Abstract
Increased fiber intake has been linked with lower risk of overweight and obesity in adults, but data are sparse for children. To address this issue, NHANES 2003-2006 data was used toevaluate (1) the food sources of fiber in children, (2) the dietary fiber density levels and risk of being classified as overweight/obese, and (3) the association between fiber intake level and impaired glucose metabolism in children. Analyses were restricted to the subsample of children with biological plausible diet reports (N = 4,667) and stratified by 2-11 year olds (n = 2072) and 12-18 yearolds (n = 2595). Results showed that the food sources are predominantly foods that are low in dietary fiber, but are consumed at high levels. In 2-18 year old plausible reporters, the risk for overweight/obesity decreased by 17% from children in the medium tertile of fiber density intake compared to the lowest tertile (OR = 0.83, P value = 0.043) and by 21% between the highest compared to thelowest tertile (OR = 0.79, P value = 0.031). There was a protective effect of being in the medium tertile of dietary fiber density (OR = 0.68, P value <0.001) on impaired glucose metabolism. These results indicate a beneficial effect of higher fiber density in children's diets.

Abstract
Declining diabetes management and control are common as children progress through adolescence, yet manyyouths with diabetes do remarkably well. Risk factors for poor diabetes outcomes are well-researched, but fewer data describe processes that lead to positive outcomes such as engaging in effective diabetes self-management, experiencing high quality of life, and achieving in-range glycemic control. Resilience theory posits that protective processes buffer the impact of risk factors on anindividual's development and functioning. We review recent conceptualizations of resilience theory in the context of type 1 diabetes management and control and present a theoretical model of pediatric diabetes resilience. Applications to clinical care and research include the development of preventive interventions to build or strengthen protective skills and processes related to diabetes and itsmanagement. The ultimate goal is to equip youths with diabetes and their families with the tools to promote both behavioral and health-related resilience in diabetes.

Abstract
When diagnosed through neonatal screening and treated promptly and adequately, infants with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) experience normal physical growth and neurological development. Here we present a 3-year-old boydiagnosed with CH as a newborn, who was subsequently left untreated and experienced significant growth failure and developmental delay. This case emphasizes the importance of a consistent adherence to treatment in preventing such complications, especially in infancy and early childhood.

Abstract
BACKGROUND:
The etiology of type-2 diabetes is only partly known, and a possible role of prenatalstress in programming offspring for insulin resistance has been suggested by animal models. Previously, we found an association between prenatal stress and type-1 diabetes. Here we examine the association between prenatal exposure to maternal bereavement during preconception and pregnancy and development of type-2diabetes in the off-spring.
METHODS:
We utilized data from the Danish CivilRegistration System to identify singleton births in Denmark born January 1(st) 1979 through December 31(st) 2008 (N = 1,878,246), and linked them to their parents, grandparents, and siblings. We categorized children as exposed to bereavement during prenatal life if their mothers lost an elder child, husband or parent during the period from one year before conception to the child's birth. We identified...