Ingles Imprimir 2

1. Gramática:
To-Infinitive:
¿Cuando se usa?
Después de adjectivos (I´m very happy to see you)
Para expresar propósito (These lessons are to learn English)
Con algunos verbos. (Afford, agree, appear, ask, choose, beg, hope, manage, promise, refuse, want, wish)

Estructura:
Verbo+objeto+to-infinitivo (I want you to study hard; my parents don´t allow me to go to that party)
Verbo+objeto+infinitivedescalzo (I saw the thief steal the bag; This film makes me cry)
Gerundio:
¿Cuándo se usa?
Después de preposiciones (I´m not very good at speaking French)
Como sujeto de una oración (Smoking is bad for your health)
Con algunas expresiones y verbos (admit, avoid, can´t help, can´t stand, consider, deny, detest, don´t mind, enjoy, feel like, give up, suggest, understand; I can´t stand going to thecinema alone)
Verbos que cambian el significado:
Stop:
Stop + to infinitive = propósito (They stopped to buy some food)
Stop + gerund = Dejar de--- Give up (He stopped smoking last week)
Try:
Try + to infinitive = Intentar (I tried to get up early but I couldn´t)
Try + gerundio = Sugerencias o posibles soluciones (Why don´t you try going to bed early?)
Regret:
Regret + to infinitive = Una fraseformal (We regret to inform you that the plane will be delayed)
Regret + gerund = Estar arrepentido por el pasado (He regretted not studying for the exam)
Mean:
Mean + to infinitive = Intentar (I meant to pone you but I forgot)
Mean + gerund = Implica / consecuencias (You failed the exam. That means working hard this term)
Forget:
Forget + to infinitive = No recordar (Don´t forget to post theletters!)
Forget + gerund = Estará en mi memoria (I`ll never forget having dinner with Tom)
Remember:
Remember + to invinitive = Recordar una acción futura (I always remember to switch off the lights)
Remember + gerund = Recordar una acción pasada (I remember living in England for the first time).
EXTRA:
In addition (to) + gerund o In addition,
Less + uncountable nouns + adjetivo---- Less pollution.Fewer + countable nouns---- Fewer people.
2. Tiempos verbales:
Presente perfecto simple: (I have studied)
¿Como se usa?
Para describer acciones que han empezado en el pasado y continuan en el presente.
Para describir acciones en el pasado que tienen efecto en el presente (I´ve studied a lot so I´m very tired)
Para describir experiencias en el pasado (have you ever been abroad?)
Recursos:
Since: Esusado para expresar un punto de comienzo (I´ve studied English since 2000)
For: Es usado para expresar duración (I´ve studied English for 12 years; for ages)
How long: Es usado para preguntar por la duración de algo (How long has she studied?)
Yet: Es usado en negaciones y preguntas, se pone al final de una frase, y significa “aún” (Have you finished yet?)
Already: Es usado para una acción que haocurrido antes de lo esperado. (I´ve already seen The Golden Compass; Has your sister had her baby already?)
Just: Referido a la acción que ha ocurrido recientemente. (She´s just bought it.)
Ever: Es usado en interrogativa, para preguntar sobre experiencias (Have you ever visited London?)
Never: es usado para describir una acción que no ha pasado (I have never seen a giraffe).
Been y Gone:
Been:significa que tu viajas y vuelves. (I´ve been to England)
Gone: significa que tu viajas, pero estas aqui (Peter has gone to England).
Presente perfecto continuo: (I have been waiting for you)
¿Cuando se usa?
Para acciones que empezaron en la pasado y siguen vigentes (I´ve been packing my case all morning, and I´m still packing)
Para acciones pasadas de cierta duración que tienen efecto en elpresente (They have been walking in the rain, so they are wet)
Para expresar irritación, enfado, criticar (Has the dog been chewing on my slippers!?
Para dar emphasis o duración usualmente con for, since o how long. (I´ve been writing e´mails since 9 o´clock!):
Past perfect simple: (I had learned)
¿Cuándo se usa?
Par describir acciones que pasaron antes de otra acción en el pasado (By the time the...