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The Hundred Years War was a conflict between England and France that lasted, on and off, from 1340 until 1453. The war is often broken up into three phases: The first or "Edwardian" campaign lastedfrom 1340 until 1360, and went well for the English. The second or "Caroline" phase of the war lasted from 1369 until 1389 but was mixed up with several other wars in the region and resulted in a lossof much of the territory previously gained by the English. A long peace followed the second phase, until it was interrupted in 1415 by Henry V's highly successful campaign beginning at Agincourt. Thisthird phase of the war, called the "Lancastrian" war, was tied up with an ongoing war between the Armagnacs and the Burgundians and went badly for the French until they were miraculously saved by theexploits of Joan of Arc, beginning in 1429. Her victories turned the momentum in France's favor, and England was finally driven out of France in 1453.
The roots of the Hundred Years War go backnearly 200 years to when the Plantagenet line of English kings was founded by Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. At the time of his accession to the throne, the combined holdings of French territory byHenry II and his wife amounted to more than half of the region of France. Although most of this territory was lost in subsequent years, the idea of a combined British and French empire, was dear to thePlantagenets. When the last Capet king died without an heir, Edward III, whose mother was the daughter of the French king, claimed the throne. The Salic laws, prohibiting succession through a femaleline prevented this, and Philip IV, the first Valois king was placed on the throne. Edward did not at first assert his rights, but after ten years of minor conflicts between the two kingdoms, heeventually launched a full scale attack. Although England gained an early upper hand, she could not hold her territories over the long term and even after an English succession was acknowledged, as a...