Learning psychology

William A
General psychology homework
Learning.
Habituation- One of the simplest forms of learning, habituation is when as time passes by, an organism gets use to a certain stimuli that had provoked fear whenfirst encountered. However after a certain number of experiences with that stimuli, the organisms response to it weakens or fades away due to it’s getting use to the stimuli. Anexample of this would be a baby that jumps every time the t v is turned on, however after a week of turning on and off the t v the baby stops to jump or have a strong reaction to it. This is because the baby is now adapted to the t v and doesn’t feel strange or alarmed when it is turned on.
Salivation- stimuli that the dog shows when, before training, food is put before him at a positionwhere he can clearly smell it and see it. The doges reaction is unconditioned since it was unlearned.
Salivation to the bell- after several tests that showed the dog’s reaction to food with salivation, various other experiments were done in which every time the dog was going to be given food, a bell would be rung. The procedure was done numerous to the point where the dognow associated the bell with food. Thus when the dog heard the bell, it would start salivating. This is a conditioned response since it is learned.
The bell- Usedas an instrument to teach the dog to associate the food with the bell. It is a conditioned stimulus which means the dog has to learn it.
The food- Since the dog has an instinctive sense to salivate to thefood, it is used in the experiment as a stimulus. It is unconditioned because the dog never has to learn to salivate to the food.
Generalization refers to when you learn to link an unconditioned stimulus to other stimulus who sound taste feel or look similar to the one you learned. In other words if a cat is taught that pears are scary and at the sight of one it should run away as faras possible, yet when it sees a apple it reacts the same way it would be using generalization. This is to say, the subject does not only have an learned instinctive reaction to that one specific stimulus, but to any stimulus that is similar in any way shape or form to the original stimulus.
In classical conditioning, the subject has already obtained a certain unconditioned stimulus to whichit has learned to react automatically. All you need in classical conditioning is to associate a certain item with another, such as fear with a snake. There is no need for a reward of a deal, which we see in instrumental conditioning. Here the subject is taught to be spoiled, to say the least. It learns that if it does an unconditioned action, it will receive a reward in return. This has it’sbenefits since it motivates the subject more into doing such things. How ever if not given the reward, the subject will most likely not do the action, in other words you must give to get.
In the principle of association, we see how two stimuli who often have nothing in common, are connected because they often occur at the same time. Lets say every time you hear a rooster sing in the morning,you hear your neighbor turn on that radio. This happens routinely after several months. Eventually you will learn to link the roosters singing with your neighbors radio. Afterward you decide to take a trip to Ohio, the next morning since you arrive there you hear a rooster sing. However you feel that something is missing. Later you realize that you were actually expecting to her some music rightwhen he sang. Although they might not have anything in common (the rooster and the music), you learn to associate them due to your learned experience back home. This would be a good example of the principle of association.
To be able to actually extinguish a classical conditioned means you must learn how to reverse the conditioned affect that has been placed on a particular subject....