Tribologia

FRICTION, WEAR, LUBRICA TION
A TEXTBOOK IN TRIBOLOGY

K.C Ludema
Professor of Mechanical Engineering The University of Michigan Ann Arbor

CRC Press Boca Raton New York London Tokyo

©1996 CRC Press LLC

The cover background is a photograph of a steel surface (light blue) partially covered with streaks of “protective” film due to sliding in engine oil. The image was created by apolarizing interference (Françon) microscope objective (25×) with about 40× further magnification. The graph on the front cover shows that the “protective” film builds up progressively and, if it functions quickly enough, it will prevent scuffing failure of the sliding surface.

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Norm StantonJennifer Petralia Gail Renard Susie Carlisle Denise Craig Kevin Luong Sheri Schwartz

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ludema, K.C Friction, wear, lubrication : a textbook in tribology / by K.C Ludema. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-2685-0 (alk. paper) 1. Tribology. TJ 1075.L84 1996 621.8′9—dc20

96-12440CIP

This book containsinformation obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this booknor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specificpermission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. © 1996 by CRC Press, Inc. No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-2685-0 Library of Congress Card Number 96-12440 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed onacid-free paper

©1996 CRC Press LLC

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Kenneth C Ludema is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. He holds a B.S. degree from Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Michigan, an M.S. and Ph.D. from the University of Michigan, and a Ph.D. from Cambridge University. He has been on the faculty of the University of Michigan since 1962 and has taughtcourses in materials, manufacturing processes, and tribology. Dr. Ludema, along with his students, has published more than 75 papers, primarily on mechanisms of friction and boundary lubrication.

©1996 CRC Press LLC

ABOUT THIS BOOK
This book is intended primarily to be used as a textbook, written on the level of senior and graduate students with proficiency in engineering or sciences. Itis intended to bring everyone who wants to solve problems in friction and wear to the same understanding of what is (and, more important, what is not) involved. Most engineers and scientists have learned a few simple truths about friction and wear, few of which seem relevant when problems arise. It turns out that the “truths” are often too simple and couched too much in the terms of the academicdiscipline in which they have been taught. This book suggests a different approach, namely, to explore the tribological behavior of systems by welldesigned experiments and tests, and to develop your own conclusions. One useful way to control friction and wear is by lubrication, though it is often not the economical way. These three topics together constitute the broad area of tribology. Tribology...