Alcoholes Y Eteres

Alcohols (General Formula, primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol)
The functional Group of an alcohol is an –OH (hydroxyl) group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom (a carbon having single bonds to four other atoms). An alcohol usually ends with "ol" (ethanol, methanol, panthenol). Here is the Lewis structure of ethanol.







We can also represent this alcohol in a more abbreviatedfrom called a condensed structural formula. In a condensed structural formula CH3 indicates a carbon bonded to three hydrogen’s, CH2 indicates a carbon bonded two hydrogen’s, CH indicates a carbon bonded to one hydrogen. Unshared pairs of electrons are generally not shown in a condensed structural formula. The condensed structural formula for the alcohol with molecular formula C2H5OH isCH3-CH2-OH. It is also common to write these formulas in an even more condensed manner, by omitting all single bonds: CH3CH2OH.


Alcohols are classified as primary, secondary or tertiary depending on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the carbon bearing the – OH group.








• Primary alcohols (1° alcohol) have the group –CH2OH, where the carbon atom with the alcoholic hydroxyl group has atleast two additional hydrogens attached to that carbon. The alcoholic hydroxyl group is attached to a primary carbon. Think of a primary alcohol (1°) as one where the carbon with the hydroxyl group is attached to one R group (R stands for any other organic chain or group).







• Secondary alcohols (2° alcohol) have the group –CHOH, where the carbon atom with the alcoholic hydroxylgroup has only one additional H atom attached to it. There are two R groups (R stands for any other organic chain or group), and the alcoholic hydroxyl group is attached to a secondary carbon. So, a secondary alcohol (2°) is one where the carbon atom with the hydroxyl group is also attached to two R groups.









• Tertiary alcohols (3° alcohol) have the group –COH, where thecarbon atom
with the alcoholic hydroxyl group has no additional H atoms attached to it. There are three R groups (R stands for any other organic chain or group), and the alcoholic hydroxyl group is attached to a tertiary carbon. So, a tertiary alcohol (3°) is one where the carbon atom with the hydroxyl group is also attached to three R groups.









The alcohols corresponding to thegeneral formula C n H 2n +1 OH.



Nomenclature of Alcohols.
The class of compounds that is known by the name of alcohols contains a group -OH attached to a saturated carbon atom. The names IUPAC of the alcohols parents take of the names of the alkanes, with the completion -ol. If necessary, use a number as a prefix, chosen the lowest possible. The saturated alcohols, as well as thecorresponding ethers R-O-R, belong to the equivalent series CnH2n+2O.
The hydrocarbon from which is derived the name of alcohol is that corresponding to the longest string that has the Group - OH.
• Select the longest cleaved chain that has the Group - OH, the name is derived from the alkane of equal number of carbons changing the ending -o or by - ol.
• The longest chain is numbered starting with theend that assigned the lowest number to the hydroxyl group.
• The positions of all the ramifications and the substituents are indicated and you will write the name with the substituents sorted alphabetically or in order of complexity.
• When there are double bonds they are named first and then the hydroxyl groups.
• When there is more than one group - OH in the string, use the endings - diol or -trial for 2 or 3 hydroxyl groups, respectively.
• When the -OH joins a cyclic chain also changed the ending - or of the corresponding cycloalkane by - ol.
Alcohols, like alkyl halides, can be classified as methyl, primary, secondary, or tertiary, as well as allylic or benzylic. The compounds with two and three functional groups -OH name diols and triols.
As well as CH3I can be called...