Alexandra

Escuela de Ingeniería

Ingeniería de Sistemas de Producción II
Ing. Carlos Barraza

Reporte de Lectura
¨Facility and Work Design¨



10 de octubre de 2012.


Facility and Work Design
Facility Layout
Facility layout refers to the specific arrangement of physical facilities. Facility layout studies are necessary whenever a new facility is constructed, there is a significant change indemand or throughput volume, a new good or service is introduced to the customer benefit package, or different processes, equipment, and/or technology are installed. The purposes of layout studies are to minimize delays in materials handling and customer movement, maintain flexibility, use labor and space effectively, promote high employee morale and customer satisfaction, provide for goodhousekeeping and maintenance, and enhance sales as appropriate in manufacturing and service facilities.

Layout Patterns
Four major layout patterns are commonly used in designing buildings and processes: product layout, process layout, group layout, and fixed position layout.
* Product layout is an arrangement based on the sequence of operations that are performed during the manufacturing of agood or delivery of a service. Product layout support a smooth and logical flow where all goods or services move in continuous path from one process stage to the next using the same sequence of work tasks and activities. Advantages of product layouts include lower work-in-process inventories, shorter processing times, less material handling, lower labor skills and simple planning and controlsystems.
* Process layout consists of a functional grouping of equipment or activities that do similar. Process layouts generally require a lower investment in equipment. Some of the limitations of process layouts are: high movement and transportation costs, more complicated planning and control systems, longer total processing time, higher worker skill requirements.
* Cellular layout. Processlayouts, which dominate job shops facilities, result in a large number of step-ups for different jobs, as well as high handling costs and high work-in-process inventory or waiting times. In a cellular layout, the design is not according to the functional characteristics of equipment, needed for producing a particular set of goods or services.
* Group Layout. Group technology classifies partsinto families so that efficient mass-production-type layouts can be designed for the production of goods or services.
* Fixed-position layout consolidates the resources necessary to manufacture a good or deliver a service, such as people, materials, and equipment, in one physical location. The production of large items such as heavy machines, tools, airplanes, buildings, locomotives, andships is usually accomplished in a fixed-position layout.

Materials-Handling Issues
A facility layout is closely linked to materials handling, which occurs in all phases of production and ancillary activities. Materials-Handling costs may range from 20 to 60 percent of the total production cost of a manufactured good, it is extremely important that handling be considered in the design ofmanufacturing systems. Common types of materials-handling are described next:
* Industrial trucks are the most commonly used type of materials-handling equipment. Their primary function is maneuvering or transporting goods and they are generally used when material is moved on an infrequent basis, weight and most of the operations involve physical handling.
* Fixed-path conveyor systems are moreadaptable than industrial trucks to moving a high volume of items. The primary functions of conveyors are transportation and storage, and they are generally used when the route does not vary, continuous movement is required, and automatic storing, in-process storage is required.
* Overhead cranes are devices fixed to supporting and guiding rails that are used to move or transfer material...