Biologia

Second Semester Exam Review Guide
TENTH grade
2008-2009
Teacher: Isabel Arteta

SKELETAL AND MUSCLE SYSTEMS
What are the main functions of the skeletal system?
1) Support: give shape, protect cavities, store minerals, and produce blood.
2) Allow movement: joints-> point of muscle attachment.

• Give form to they body.
• Protect the organs.
• Support the body.• Give movements to body.
• Produce Blood
• Store Minerals

What is the axial skeleton? What is its function? Name and describe its organs
The axial skeleton supports the body. It protects vital organs, cranial,spinal,thoracic. Allows body to stand up right, bend and twist.

• Protects vital organs (Cranial cavity, protects Brain. Spinal Cavity protects spinal cord.Thoracic cavity protects heart and lungs.)
• Provides Axis.

What is the appendicular skeleton? What is its function? Name and describe its organs.
Part of the skeleton that has 2 girdles that allow body to move & perform a variety of activities.
- Pelvic girdle
• Pelvic bones & legs
- Shoulder girdle
• Collar bones, scapulas & arms

• Is the part of theskeletal system that allow body movements.
• Pelvic Girdles (Coxis and legs)
• Shoulder Girdles ( Collar bones, Scupulas, arms)

What are the two main types of bone tissue? How are they alike? How are they different?
• Compact Bone: Dense tissue, very hard and resistant. Shafts of long bones.
• Spongy Bone: Porous tissue.
• Difference: Spongy bone have like pores, containbone marrow

Compact bone: dense tissue, very hard & resistant. Shafts of long bones
Spongy bone: porous tissue. End of long bones, middle of short & flat bones
Alike: both have red and yellow marrow

Describe a long bone with all of its parts.
Epiphysis: end of long bones, made of spongy bone filled with red marrow, covered by cartilage.
Diaphysis: bone shaft, made by a wall of compactbone that surrounds the medullary cavity that hold the yellow marrow. Covered by the periosteum.
Red marrow: tissue that produces all of the blood cells.
Yellow marrow: fatty tissue that fills the medullary canal in the shaft of long bones.(forms the red marrow in infants)
Periosteum: connective tissue membrane that allows for blood vessels & nerves to move in & out of bones. Repairs bones.Epiphyseal line: (growth plate) cartilaginous division that produces new bone growth.
Osteocytes: cells that make up bone tissue connected by a collagen matrix (protein), deposits calcium & phosphorus in large amounts, making bone flexible & strong.
Osteoblasts & Osteoclasts.

Compare long and short bones
Long bone: longer than wider. Ex: humerus, femur, metacarpals
Short bone: cube-like bones.Ex: wrist, ankle, vertebrate

Compare and contrast red and yellow marrow, structure and function
Red marrow: tissue that produces all of the blood cells.
Yellow marrow: fatty tissue that fills the medullary canal in the shaft of long.
Alike: inside bone, contain numerous blood vessels and capillaries.

• The yellow marrow is a fatty tissue that fields the modularly canal in the shaftof long bones and the red marrow is the one that produces all the read blood cells. Yellow marrow is only in the compact bone and the read marrow is in the spongy bone and in the heard bone, also in the yellow marrow.

What are the main functions of the muscular system?
• Move body parts (locomotion)
• Move substances inside body
• Keep straight posture
• Keep organs in place• Generate heat
What are the different types of muscle tissue? Compare and contrast, structure and function
• Smooth:
- Simple cells, involuntary movement, CNS (no stripes)
• Cardiac:
- Specialized cells, find only in the heart, has own control system (1 nucleus, stripes)
• Skeletal:
- Multinucleated cells, voluntary movement controlled by nervous system...