Biomecanica En Tiro Libre Futbol

Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Volume 2012, Article ID 707941, 11 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/707941

Review Article
Does Vitamin C and E Supplementation Impair the Favorable
Adaptations of Regular Exercise?
Michalis G. Nikolaidis,1 Chad M. Kerksick,2 Manfred Lamprecht,3 and Steven R. McAnulty4
1 Department

of Physical Education and Sports Scienceat Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62110 Serres, Greece
of Health, Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
3 Centre for Physiological Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
4 Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
2 DepartmentCorrespondence should be addressed to Michalis G. Nikolaidis, nikolaidis@auth.gr
Received 1 April 2012; Revised 18 June 2012; Accepted 20 June 2012
Academic Editor: Felipe Dal-Pizzol
Copyright © 2012 Michalis G. Nikolaidis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original work is properly
cited.
The detrimental outcomes associated with unregulated and excessive production of free radicals remains a physiological concern
that has implications to health, medicine and performance. Available evidence suggests that physiological adaptations to exercise
training can enhance the body’s ability to quench free radicals and circumstantial evidenceexists to suggest that key vitamins
and nutrients may provide additional support to mitigate the untoward effects associated with increased free radical production.
However, controversy has risen regarding the potential outcomes associated with vitamins C and E, two popular antioxidant
nutrients. Recent evidence has been put forth suggesting that exogenous administration of these antioxidants may beharmful
to performance making interpretations regarding the efficacy of antioxidants challenging. The available studies that employed
both animal and human models provided conflicting outcomes regarding the efficacy of vitamin C and E supplementation, at least
partly due to methodological differences in assessing oxidative stress and training adaptations. Based on the contradictory evidenceregarding the effects of higher intakes of vitamin C and/or E on exercise performance and redox homeostasis, a permanent intake
of non-physiological dosages of vitamin C and/or E cannot be recommended to healthy, exercising individuals.

1. Introduction
The antioxidant vitamins C (ascorbic acid) and E (α, β,
δ , and γ tocopherols and tocotrienols) are involved in
protecting cellular organelles fromoxidative damage [1,
2]. Exercise can increase free radical production by 2to 4-fold [3] and produce changes in redox status which
may exert oxidative stress on muscles and other tissues
leading to alteration of lipids, proteins, and genetic material
[4]. Short-term exercise results in temporary increases
in concentrations of oxidized products [5], but habitual
exercise may result in anaugmented endogenous antioxidant system and a reduction in oxidized products [4,
6, 7]. Supporting endogenous antioxidant defense systems
with additional oral doses of antioxidants has received
much attention as a strategy to reduce oxidative stress,

decrease muscle damage, and improve exercise performance.
Indeed, a significant number of athletes, including elite
athletes, consume vitaminsupplements seeking beneficial
effects on performance [8]. However, recently, there is a
growing evidence of the negative effects of antioxidant
supplementation on exercise performance in both animal
and human studies [9, 10]. In light of the results of these
prolific studies [9, 10], it was concluded that vitamin C
and/or E interfere with the adaptive responses to endurance
exercise training....