Consumo de alcohol

SÍNDROME DE DEPENDENCIA AL ALCOHOL: COMPARACIÓN
ENTRE HOMBRES Y MUJERES
Ma. del Carmen Mariño*, Shoshana Berenzon*, Ma. Elena Medina-Mora*

SUMMARY
The main objective of this paper is to describe the way in which the Alcohol Dependence Syndrome is manifested, according to the criteria and indicators proposed by the DSM-IV, in a female sample that sought help at a treatment center due toalcohol consumption-related problems. A comparison was made with the results obtained in a previous 211-male-sample at the same treatment center. Method: This project is a case study in which a sample of 100 females was interviewed at the Clínica para Atención de Problemas Relacionados con el Alcohol (CAPRA) (Clinic for the Attention of Alcohol Related Problems) at the Hospital General de México (themain general hospital for patients who do not have social security benefits and come from different regions of the country including rural areas). The criteria for inclusion were: being aged 18 or over, female, having sought help for the first time (at these centers) due to alcohol problems and being physically and mentally able to answer the questionnaire correctly. .emales that had previouslybeen treated were included. However, one of the requisites was that they had to have drunk alcohol during the year before the interview to warrant recent and current consumption, regardless of being exposed to prior treatments, since the questionnaire includes the previous 12 months as a parameter. The instrument used to conduct this study was the Composite International Diagnostic Interview,Substance Abuse Module (CIDI-SAM). This instrument has been widely used with excellent results on various population samples in the U.S., as well as on the male population receiving treatment in Mexico. The instrument included the following sections: sociodemographic characteristics, amount and frequency of consumption; physical, psychological and social problems; symptoms of alcohol dependence, andpathways to health services. A few new sections were incorporated with specific characteristics for women, such as the effects of alcohol on women, alcohol consumption during pregnancy and nursing, partner’s alcohol consumption and violent behavior in the couple and their associated risks. Results: The average age of the women interviewed was 47 years old, ranging from 22 to 91. Thirty-two percentwere either married or living with a partner, 20% were divorced, 26% were widows and 22% were single. Seventy-four percent of them had children and they had 4.5 children in average. The average educational level was 4.7 years.

.ifty-two percent of the respondents reported drinking alcohol every day and 19% almost every day (five or six days a week), with an average of 4.2 drinks per occasion (52%of the women reported having three to four drinks per occasion). The preferred reported beverage was «pulque» (28%), followed by beer (25%) and distilled beverages (21%). Other traditional drinks and «96° proof” alcohol also showed a significant percentage (20%). As for the Alcohol Dependence Syndrome, 50% of the women met the dependency criteria proposed by the DSM-IV, compared with 82% of the211 men interviewed in the same center with a statistically significant difference (X2= 34.22; p = 0.000). Women with alcohol dependence syndrome presented an average of five symptoms. A more detailed analysis was carried out based on the severity of the dependence syndrome, measured by the number of reported symptoms (1-2, 3-4, 5-7). The most frequently reported symptom across all levels ofseverity was the presence of physical and/or psychological problems. In the group of non-dependent women (those who reported less than 3 symptoms), an important difference between men and women was observed. The most frequent symptoms reported by men, after the presence of physical and psychological problems, were withdrawal symptoms (34.2%) and loss of control (15.8%). In the case of the women,...