Literatura

Language forms
The language forms presented here are used to guarantee an adequate presentation flow. They are language chunks that mark different moments in a presentation. As such, they are like signposts that help the audience follow you along the roadmap that you have planned for your presentation.
I have adapted the material from various sources, notably Brian Howe's excellent handbook forhis course Visitron: the language of presentations (Longman, 1984). Additional material has been taken from:
· Anholt, Robert R.H. (1994). Dazzle 'em with style: the art of oral scientific presentation. New York: W.H. Freeman.
· Griffin, Jack. (1994). How to say it best: choice words , phrases, and model speeches for every occasion. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
· Gurak, Laura J.(2000). Oral presentations for technical communication. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
· Hager, Peter J., & Scheiber, H.J. (1997). Designing and delivering scientific, technical, and managerial presentations. New York: John Wiley.
· Yorkey, Richard C. (1982). Study skills for students of English. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Opening the presentation
Signaling the start
When you are ready to beginyour presentation but everybody is still talking, or simply waiting, it may be appropriate to courteously signal the start. Howe (1984) suggests:

Right,Right then,Good,OK,So,|ladies and gentlemen,gentlemen,everybody,everyone,Mr. President,|shall we begin?|

Of course, many times you will not need to signal explicitly your readiness to start.
Introducing a speaker
Sometimes you will be inthe position of introducing a speaker. Typically, the speaker's name is followed by a short biographical statement. Make sure you know how to pronounce the speaker's name well.

I'd like to introduceMay I introduceLet me introduce you to This is|Robin Dunnbacher.Shiao-Chuan Kung.|She's with the Data Bank Project.She represents Solid Color, Inc.Dr. Kung works in the field of…Mrs. Dunnbacher hasdone a great job in…|
Introducing yourself
When you begin giving a formal presentation, introduce yourself and establish credibility by adding a brief statement of your involvement with the topic.

(I'd like to introduce myself.)|My name is Robert Smith|and I am in charge of...and I have been dealing with…|
|I am María Velásquez.|I presently coordinate the Zed Plan and work in close contactwith previous coordinator, Dr. Liu Zhing. |

If somebody has introduced you already, don't forget to thank this person and/or the organization that has invited you to speak.

Thank you for this kind introduction,Thank you for your kind words about our project, |Dr. Applegate.|
I'd like to thank IBM for their invitation, as well asI'd like to thank |Dr. Smith|for his kind words about me.|Getting audience attention
One way to get the audience's attention is, as Howe (1994) puts it, to "set the scene." Setting the scene means declaring a context for your presentation that is seen as relevant by the audience. This can be done, for example, by expressing the central concern that gathers everyone that day.

Briefly,To put it briefly,In a sentence,To put it simply,In a nutshell,|our CBdepartment is facing a demand which we have been unable to satisfy.|

After setting this scene, you would perhaps immediately say a purpose that deals with the concern expressed appropriately.
Getting audience attention can also be achieved in many other ways. A few examples follow:
· Would you like to improve your working environment?
· Everyone needs to go to the doctor sometime. Andsometimes, going to the doctor can be really uncomfortable. Like when you need an endoscopy…
· Albert Einstein once said, "Imagination is more important than knowledge."
· Did you know that seventy percent of this port's facilities are in danger of becoming obsolete?
· Suppose for a moment that you are a frog. […pause…] See yourself in the pond looking at a big bird flying down towards you....