Negocios Internacionales

The Panama Preparatory School

Augusto Rodríguez Kangas

12°B

English Album:
Dengue Fever

Teacher:
Clanrald Bilanfanty

*2012*

Content
* Introduction
* History of Dengue
* Dengue Virus
* The Vectors
* The diseases
* Dengue images
* Conclusion

Dengue history and Evolution
The exact origins of the disease are not clear, arguments have been made forboth African and Indochinese origins and circumstantial evidence for tropical Asian origin is strong. Dengue-like diseases were reported from China as early as 265-420 AD, but the first documented case of the disease was reported by Benjamin Rush from Philadelphia in 1780. Almost simultaneous epidemics were reported in 1779 and 1780 from Asia and Africa.
Beginning with the latter part of theeighteenth century, and throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries major epidemics of dengue-like illness occurred in the Americas, southern Europe, north Africa, the eastern Mediterranean, Asia, and Australia, as well as on islands in the Indian Ocean, the south and central Pacific and the Caribbean (WHO 2007). A pandemic of dengue began in Southeast Asia after World War II and has spreadaround the globe since then, however, up to now, nearly all transmission has been tropical.
In the 1980s dengue began an expansion in Asia, with first dengue outbreaks ocurring in Sri Lanka, India, the Maldives, Pakistan, Taiwan, China and Singapore, and increases in the size and frequency of epidemics in other countries with endemic dengue. In the Pacific islands dengue viruses werereintroduced in the 1970s and epidemic activity caused by all four serotypes has intensified recently. In Africa, dengue fever has increased dramatically, with most activity ocurring in East Africa. Although all four serotypes have been identified in the region (Gubler and Clark 1995), only DEN-2 is common.
Increase of dengue as a major public health hazard has been most dramatic in the Americas. In the1950s and 1960s, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) conducted an Ae. aegypti eradication campaign in an effort to prevent urban yellow fever, which is also transmitted by this mosquito. As a result of this campaign, dengue ocurred only sporadically in some Caribbean islands during that period. The eradication program, however, was gradually abandoned (it was officially terminated in theUnited States in 1970). As a result,Ae. aegypti reinfested the region and is again widely distributed.
A major dengue epidemic occurred in Cuba in 1981, and a second major epidemic of DHF occurred in Venezuela in 1989-1990. Since then, epidemics have occurred in 14 Central or South American countries, and outbreaks, confirmed cases, or both, have been reported from most tropical and subtropicalAmerican countries.
After an absence of 35 years, several autochthonous cases of dengue fever occurred in southern Texas in 1980, 1986, 1995, 1997, 1998 and 1999, and an outbreak of dengue fever occurred in Hawaii in 2001. All four dengue serotypes have been isolated from the United States (PAHO 2007).
Prior to the 1940s, there were regular occurrences of dengue outbreaks in Florida. The lastepidemic of locally‐transmitted dengue virus in Florida was in 1934‐35 when an estimated 15,000 people were reported to be infected.  Since the 1940s, cases that are reported in Florida have been in people who were bitten by infected mosquitoes while visiting dengue‐endemic areas.  However, in 2009 and 2010, locally acquired cases of dengue were reported from the Florida Keys.
On August 11, 2009, afterreturning from a vacation in Key West, a previously healthy woman aged 34 years from Rochester, New York, went to her primary-care provider after 1 day of fever, headache, malaise, and chills.  After several physician and hospital visits, her serum was tested and sent to CDC for confirmation; she was diagnosed with dengue.  Including this initial case, there were 28 cases of dengue reported from...