Tecnologia De Computadores

Computer Structure
Unit 1. Introduction to computers

Departamento de Informática Grupo de Arquitectura de Computadores, Comunicaciones y Sistemas UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID
Félix García Carballeira

Content
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

What is a computer? Concept of computer structure and computer architecture Main elements of a computer Von Neumann architecture Machine instructions.Programming Execution steps of an instruction Main characteristic parameters of a computer Historic evolution

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What is a computer?

?
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What is a computer?

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Semiconductor industry

Source: embedded.com

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Types of processors

Processors: 2% of thesemiconductor industry
Processors for PC: 2 % of the processors A typical car has more than 12 microprocessors BMW 7 has more than 65

Source : embedded.com

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What is a computer?
Results Processor Instructions

Data

Machine that processes data

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What is a computer?
results Processor Instructions

data

From amathematical point of view is an abstract machine that evaluates:

f : {0,1} → {0,1}
n
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m

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Structure and Architecture
Structure Components of a computer Organization of the components Architecture: visible attributes for programmers Instruction set Types and data formats of the computer Number and size of the registers Input/output techniques Memoryaddressing techniques Technology: how the components are built

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Concepts to review
Binary system Constructive elements of a computer Transistors Logic gates Combinational elements Sequential elements

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Binary system
Binary
X= 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 ... 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 d31d30 ... d1d0 : nº of 32 bits (binary digits)Value= d31 × 231 + d30 × 230 + ... + d1 × 21 + d0 × 20

Hexadecimal
Y = 0x F 1 F A 8 0 ... 165 164 163 162 161 160

From binary to hexadecimal:
Join each 4 bits, from rigth to left Each 4 bits represents a hexadecimal value Ex: 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0x A 5

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Question?
How many different codes can be coded with 8 bits? How many bits are needed to represent 512codes?

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Transistor
N-MOS
A

P-MOS
E

A

E

B

B

E 1 0

Behavior Connect A to B (open circuit) Does not connect A to B (closed circuit)

E 0 0

Behavior Connect A to B (open circuit) Does not connect A to B (closed circuit)

(logical values)
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Logic gates. Inverter (NOT)

V3,3

E

S

E 3.3 0

S 03.3

E 1 0

S 0 1

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Logic gates. NOR

A 0 0 1 1

B 0 1 0 1

C 1 0 0 0

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Logic gates. OR

A 0 0 1 1
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B 0 1 0 1

C 0 1 1 1
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Logic gates. NAND

A 0 0 1 1

B 0 1 0 1

C 1 1 1 0

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Logic gates. AND

A 0 0 1 1
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B 0 1 0 1

C 0 0 0 1
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Constructive blocks
Combinational circuits Output depends on input values Without state Sequential circuits Output depends on input and current state Store information

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Decoder
N inputs, 2N outputs

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Multiplexor
Select with n bits, one from 2n inputs

A B C D MUX S S1 S0

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Memory elements Flip-flop R-S
Element that stores a bit

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Memory elements Flip-flop D
Element that stores a bit

Q C Q

D C
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Memory elements register
Element that stores a set of bits

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Register model

Input Register Output load

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