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Biotechnology

is a field of applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses inengineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bioproducts. Biotechnologyalso utilizes these products for manufacturing purpose. Modern use of similar terms includes genetic engineering as well as cell- and tissue culture technologies. The concept encompasses a wide rangeof procedures (and history) for modifying living organisms according to human purposes — going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of plants, and "improvements" to these through breedingprograms that employ artificial selection and hybridization
When the first human beings realized that they could plant their own crops and breed their own animals, they learned to use biotechnology.The discovery that fruit juices fermented into wine, or that milk could be converted into cheese or yogurt, or that beer could be made by fermenting solutions of malt and hops began the study ofbiotechnology. When the first bakers found that they could make a soft, spongy bread rather than a firm, thin cracker, they were acting as fledgling biotechnologists. The first animal breeders, realizingthat different physical traits could be either magnified or lost by mating appropriate pairs of animals, engaged in the manipulations of biotechnology.
 refers to the use of living organisms or theirproducts to modify human health and the human environment. Prehistoric biotechnologists did this as they used yeast cells to raise bread dough and to ferment alcoholic beverages, and bacterial cellsto make cheeses and yogurts and as they bred their strong, productive animals to make even stronger and more productive offspring.

In the early twentieth century scientists gained a greaterunderstanding of microbiology and explored ways of manufacturing specific products. In 1917,Chaim Weizmann first used a pure microbiological culture in an industrial process, that of manufacturing corn...